Heteroaryl piperidine glycine transporter inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl and pyrazinyl piperidine compounds that inhibit the glycine transporter GlyT1 and which are useful in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glycinergic or glutamatergic neurotransmission dysfunction and diseases in which the glycine transporter GlyT1 is involved.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a U.S. National Phase application under 35 U.S.C. §371 of PCT Application No. PCT/US2005/009810, filed Mar. 23, 2005, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 from U.S. Application No. 60/555,925, filed Mar. 24, 2004.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder characterized by a combination of negative (blunted affect, withdrawal, anhedonia) and positive (paranoia, hallucinations, delusions) symptoms as well as marked cognitive deficits. While the etiology of schizophrenia is currently unknown, the disease appears to be produced by a complex interaction of biological, environmental, and genetic factors. Over 40 years ago it was found that phencyclidine (PCP) induces a psychotic state in humans that is very similar to that observed in schizophrenic patients. The finding that the main mode of action of PCP is that of a non-competitive antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor stimulated a series of studies that have led to the development of the NMDA receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia (Jentsch J D and Roth R H, 1999 Neuropsychopharmacology, 20:201).

Fast glutamatergic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system is primarily mediated by the excitatory amino acid glutamate acting on ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). The iGluRs are comprised of three major subclasses, including the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), kainate, and NMDA receptor subtypes (Hollmann M and Heinemann S, 1994, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 17:31). These three subclasses are multimeric ligand-gated cation channels which open in response to glutamate binding to induce a depolarizing excitatory post synaptic current. Molecular cloning has revealed that the NMDA receptor family is composed of two primary subunits, NR1 and NR2. In addition a novel inhibitory subunit which is developmentally regulated termed NR3 has been recently described. A high degree of molecular diversity exists within each set of subunits. To date, only one NR1 subunit gene has been cloned; however, alternative splicing of the NR1 gene can produce eight different subunits. In contrast, 4 genes have been cloned for the NR2 subunit (NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, and NR2D), some of which exhibit alternative splicing (Hollmann M and Heinemann S, 1994, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 17:31). These multiple subunits form heteromeric glutamate-gated ion channels. While the precise subunit stoichiometry of the naturally occurring receptor remains unknown, both the NR1 and NR2 subunits are required for the expression of functionally active receptor-channel complexes in mammalian expression systems. Activation of the NMDA receptor requires the binding of both glutamate and glycine (Johnson J W and Ascher P, 1987, Nature 325:529). Interestingly, the binding sites for these two co-agonists exist on separate subunits as determined by site-directed mutagenesis studies (Laube B, Hirai H, Sturgess M, Betz H and Kuhse J, 1997, Neuron 18:493). On the NR2A and NR2B subunits, a binding pocket for glutamate is formed by interactions between the N-terminus of the receptor and the extracellular loops. Analogous experiments have placed the glycine binding site in a homologous region of the NR1 subunit (Kuryatov A, Laube B, Betz H and Kuhse J, 1994, Neuron 12:1291). Depending on the actual subunit composition, glutamate and glycine activate the NMDA receptor with EC50 values in the high nanomolar to low micromolar range. In addition, the pore of the NMDA receptor is impermeable to magnesium. Under normal resting conditions, extracellular magnesium can bind to a site within the pore and produce a magnesium block of the channel. This magnesium block imparts a strong voltage dependence to the channel which allows the NMDA receptor to act as a coincidence detector requiring the binding of glutamate, glycine, and the occurrence of postsynaptic depolarization before conducting current. Of particular interest is the finding that the psychotornimetic drugs MK-801, PCP, and ketamine all act as open channel blockers of the NMDA receptor-channel by binding to a site that overlaps with the magnesium binding site. It is apparent that the rich diversity of NMDA receptor subunits and regulatory sites provides for a complex assortment of physiologically and pharmacologically distinct heteromeric receptors making the NMDA receptor an ideal target for the design of novel therapeutic compounds.

The NMDA receptor plays a critical role in a variety of neurophysiological phenomena, including but not limited to synaptic plasticity, cognition, attention and memory (Bliss T and Collingridge W, 1993, Nature 361:31; Morris R G M et al., 1986, Nature 319:774). Psychotomimetic drugs constitute a wide class of drugs including psychomotor stimulants (cocaine, amphetamine), hallucinogens (LSD), and NMDA receptor antagonists (PCP, ketamine). Of these, only the NMDA receptor antagonists appear to elicit a robust induction of the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Controlled studies of ketamine-induced psychosis in human subjects, as well as observations of symptoms from patients abusing PCP as a recreational drug, have produced a convincing list of similarities between NMDA receptor antagonist-induced psychosis and schizophrenia (Jentsch J D and Roth R H, 1999 Neuropsychopharnacology, 20:201). NMDA-receptor antagonists faithfully mimic the symptoms of schizophrenia to the extent that it is difficult to differentiate the two in the clinic. In addition, NMDA receptor antagonists can exacerbate the symptoms in schizophrenics, and can trigger the reemergence of symptoms in stable patients. Finally, the finding that NMDA receptor co-agonists such as glycine, D-cycloserine, and D-serine produce benefits in schizophrenic patients implicates NMDA receptor hypofunction in this disorder, and indicate that increasing NMDA receptor activation may provide a therapeutic benefit (Leiderman E et al., 1996, Biol. Psychiatry 39:213, Javitt D C et al., 1994, Am. J. Psychiatry 151:1234, Heresco-Levy U, 2000, Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 3:243, Tsai G et al., 1998, Biol. Psychiatry 44:1081). A large number of studies in animal models lend support to the NMDA hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Recent generation of a mutant mouse expressing only 5% of normal levels of the NMDA NR1 subunit have shown that this decrease in functional NMDA receptors induces a state very similar to that observed in other animal models of schizophrenia (Mohn A R et al., 1999, Cell 98:427). Besides schizophrenia, dysfunction of glutamatergic pathways has been implicated in a number of disease states in the human central nervous system (CNS) including but not limited to cognitive deficits, dementia, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease and bipolar disorder.

NMDA receptor function can be modulated by altering the availability of the co-agonist glycine. This approach has the critical advantage of maintaining activity-dependent activation of the NMDA receptor because an increase in the synaptic concentration of glycine will not produce an activation of NMDA receptors in the absence of glutamate. Since synaptic glutamate levels are tightly maintained by high affinity transport mechanisms, an increased activation of the glycine site will only enhance the NMDA component of activated synapses. Clinical trials in which high doses of glycine were administered orally as an add-on to standard neuroleptic therapy showed an improvement of the symptoms of schizophrenia patients (Javitt et al. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. (2001) 4: 385-391). One way to increase synaptic glycine levels without administering exogenous glycine is to inhibit its removal from the synapse. Evidence that this approach would be useful in treating schizophrenia comes from a double-blind placebo controlled study in which sarcosine was administered to patients suffering from schizophrenia, but who were poorly responsive to antipsychotic drugs. A beneficial effect was observed on positive, negative and cognitive symptoms, indicating that inhibition of glycine re-uptake is a reasonable approach to the treatment of schizophrenia.

Two specific glycine transporters, GlyT1 and GlyT2 have been identified and shown to belong to the Na⁺/Cl⁻ dependent family of neurotransmitter transporters which includes taurine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), proline, monoamines and orphan transporters (Smith K E et al., 1992, Neuron 8:927; Borowsky B et al., 1993, Neuron 10:851; Liu Q R et al., 1993, J. Biol. Chem. 268:22802; Kim K M et al., 1994, Mol. Pharmacol. 45:608; Morrow J A et al., 1998, FEBS Lett. 439:334; Nelson N, 1998, J. Neurochem. 71:1785). GlyT1 and GlyT2 have been isolated from different species and shown to have only 50% identity at the amino acid level. They also have a different pattern of expression in mammalian central nervous system with GlyT2 being expressed in spinal cord, brainstem and cerebellum and GlyT1 present in these regions as well as forebrain areas such as cortex, hippocampus, septum and thalamus (Smith K E et al., 1992, Neuron 8:927; Borowsky B et al., 1993, Neuron 10:85 1; Liu Q R et al., 1993, J. Biol. Chem. 268:22802). At the cellular level, GlyT2 has been reported to be expressed by glycinergic nerve endings in rat spinal cord whereas GlyT1 appears to be preferentially expressed by glial cells (Zafra F et al., 1995, J. Neurosci. 15:3952). These expression studies have led to the conclusion that GlyT2 is predominantly responsible for glycine uptake at glycinergic synapses whereas GlyT1 is involved in monitoring glycine concentration in the vicinity of NMDA receptor expressing synapses. Recent functional studies in rat have shown that blockade of GlyT1 with the potent inhibitor (N-[3-(4′-fluorophenyl)-3-4′-phenylphenoxy)propyl])sarcosine (NFPS) potentiates NMDA receptor activity and NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation in rat (Bergeron R et al., 1998, PNAS USA 95:15730; Kinney G et al., 2003, J. Neurosci. 23:7586). Furthermore, NFPS has been reported to enhance pre-pulse inhibition in mice, a measure of sensory gating that is known to be deficient in schizophrenia patients (Kinney G et al., 2003, J. Neurosci. 23:7586). These physiological effects of GlyT1 in forebrain regions together with clinical reports showing the beneficial effects of GlyT1 inhibitor sarcosine in improving symptoms in schizophrenia patients (Tsai and Coyle WO99/52519) indicate that selective GlyT1 uptake inhibitors represent a new class of antipsychotic drugs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to compounds that inhibit the glycine transporter GlyT1 and which are useful in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamatergic neurotransmission dysfunction and diseases in which the glycine transporter GlyT1 is involved.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to compounds of the formula I:

wherein:

-   R¹ is selected from one or more of the groups consisting of:     -   (1) hydrogen,     -   (2) C₁₋₆alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-6         halogen, hydroxy or phenyl,     -   (3) —O—C₁₋₆alkyl,     -   (4) halogen,     -   (5) phenyl, which is substituted with R^(2a), R^(2b) and R^(2c),     -   (6) heterocycle, which is substituted with R^(2a), R^(2b) and         R^(2c),     -   (7) —CN,     -   (8) —CO₂R⁹,         -   wherein R⁹ is independently selected from:         -   (a) hydrogen,         -   (b) —C₁₋₆alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with             1-6 fluoro,         -   (c) benzyl, and         -   (d) phenyl,     -   (9) —SO₂R⁹,     -   (10) —SO₂—NR¹⁰OR¹¹,         -   wherein R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are independently selected from:         -   (a) hydrogen,         -   (b) —C₁₋₆alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with             hydroxy, 1-6 fluoro or —NR¹²R¹³, where R¹² and R¹³ are             independently selected from hydrogen and —C₁₋₆alkyl, and             where R¹⁰ and R¹¹ may be joined to form an azetidinyl ring,         -   (c) —C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted             with hydroxy, 1-6 fluoro or —NR¹²R¹³,         -   (d) benzyl,         -   (e) phenyl, and     -   (11) —CONR¹⁰R¹¹; -   R² is selected from the group consisting of:     -   (1) phenyl, which is substituted with R^(2a), R^(2b) and R^(2c),     -   (2) heterocycle, which is substituted with R^(2a), R^(2b) and         R^(2c),     -   (3) C₁₋₈alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-6         halogen, hydroxy, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, phenyl or heterocycle, where the         phenyl or heterocycle is substituted with R^(2a), R^(2b) and         R^(2c),     -   (4) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with         1-6 halogen, hydroxy or —NR¹⁰R¹¹, and     -   (5) —C₁₋₆alkyl-C₃₋₆cycloalkyl), which is unsubstituted or         substituted with 1-6 halogen, hydroxy or —NR¹⁰R¹¹; -   R^(2a), R^(2b) and R^(2c) are independently selected from the group     consisting of:     -   (1) hydrogen,     -   (2) halogen,     -   (3) —C₁₋₆alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with:         -   (a) 1-6 halogen,         -   (b) phenyl,         -   (c) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or         -   (d) —NR¹⁰R¹¹,     -   (4) —O—C₁₋₆alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-6         halogen,     -   (5) hydroxy,     -   (6) —SCF₃,     -   (7) —CHF₂,     -   (8) —SCH₃,     -   (9) —CO₂R⁹,     -   (10) —CN,     -   (11) —SO₂R⁹,     -   (12) —O₂—NR¹⁰R¹¹,     -   (13) —NR¹⁰R¹¹,     -   (14) —CONR¹⁰R¹¹, and     -   (15) —NO₂; -   R³ is selected from the group consisting of:     -   (1) C₁₋₆alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-6         halogen, hydroxyl, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, or heterocycle, which is         substituted with R^(2a), R^(2b) and R^(2c),     -   (2) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with         1-6 halogen, hydroxyl or —NR¹⁰R¹¹,     -   (3) —C₁₋₆alkyl-(C₃₋₆cycloalkyl), which is unsubstituted or         substituted with 1-6 halogen, hydroxy or —NR¹⁰R¹¹, and     -   (4) —NR¹⁰R¹¹, and     -   (5) heterocycle, which is substituted with R^(2a), R^(2b) and         R^(2c); -   R⁴ and R⁵ are independently selected from the group consisting of:     -   (1) hydrogen, and     -   (2) C₁₋₆alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with         halogen or hydroxyl, or R⁴ and R⁵ taken together form a         C₃₋₆cycloalkyl ring; -   R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of:     -   (1) hydrogen, and     -   (2) C₁₋₆alkyl; -   W, X, Y and Z are independently selected from C or N, with the     proviso that at least two of W, X, Y and Z are C, to form a     pyridine, oxo-dihydropyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine,     1,2,4-triazine or 1,3,5-triazine ring; -   A is selected from the group consisting of:     -   (1) —O—, and     -   (2) NR¹⁰—; -   m is zero or one, whereby when m is zero R² is attached directly to     the carbonyl; -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of the formula I′:

-   wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, A and m are defined herein; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an individual     enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

An alternate embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of the formula I″:

-   wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, A and m are defined herein; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an individual     enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

An alternate embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of the formula I′″:

-   wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, A and m are defined herein; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an individual     enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

An alternate embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of the formula I″″:

-   wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, A and m are defined herein; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an individual     enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of the formula Ia:

-   wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, A and m are defined herein; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an individual     enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

Within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (1) hydrogen,     -   (2) C₁₋₆alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-6         halogen,     -   (3) halogen,     -   (4) -heterocycle, and     -   (5) —O—C₁₋₆alkyl,

-   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an individual     enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

Further within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (1) hydrogen,     -   (2) C₁₋₃alkyl,     -   (3) fluoro,     -   (4) —CF₃,     -   (5) -morpholinyl, and     -   (6) —O—C₁₋₃alkyl.

Further within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds wherein R¹ is hydrogen or methyl. Further within this embodiment, the present invention is directed to compounds wherein R¹ is hydrogen. Also further within this embodiment, the present invention is directed to compounds wherein R¹ is methyl.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of the formula Ib:

-   wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₆alkyl, and R¹, R², R³, A and m are defined herein; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an individual     enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₃alkyl and R⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl. Within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₃alkyl in the (S) configuration and R⁵ is hydrogen. Also within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds wherein R⁴ is methyl and R⁵ is hydrogen. Also within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds wherein R⁴ is methyl and R⁵ is methyl. Also within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds wherein R⁴ is hydrogen and R⁵ is hydrogen.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds wherein R⁶ is hydrogen

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds wherein m is zero.

Within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds of the formula Ic:

-   wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are defined herein; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an individual     enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

Further within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (1) phenyl, which is substituted with R^(2a), R^(2b) and R^(2c),     -   (2) thienyl, which is substituted with R^(2a), R^(2b) and         R^(2c),     -   (3) C₁₋₈alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-6         halogen, phenyl or —NR¹⁰R¹¹, where the phenyl is substituted         with R^(2a), R^(2b) and R^(2c),     -   (4) C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with         1-6 halogen, hydroxy or —NR¹⁰R¹¹, and

-   R^(2a), R^(2b) and R^(2c) are independently selected from the group     consisting of:     -   (1) hydrogen,     -   (2) halogen,     -   (3) —C₁₋₆alkyl,     -   (4) —O—C₁₋₆alkyl,     -   (5) —CF₃,     -   (6) —OCF₃,     -   (7) —OCHF₂,     -   (8) —SCF₃,     -   (9) —SCHF₂, and     -   (10) —NH₂.

Also further within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds wherein R² is phenyl or thienyl and R^(2a), R^(2b) and R^(2c) are independently selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (1) hydrogen,     -   (2) halogen,     -   (3) —C₁₋₆alkyl,     -   (4) —O—C₁₋₆alkyl,     -   (5) —CF₃,     -   (6) —OCF₃,     -   (7) —OCHF₂,     -   (8) SCF₃,     -   (9) SCHF₂, and     -   (10) —NH₂.

Also further within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds wherein R² is phenyl and R^(2a), R^(2b) and R^(2c) are independently selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (1) hydrogen,     -   (2) fluoro,     -   (3) chloro,     -   (4) bromo,     -   (5) OCH₃,     -   (6) —CF₃, and     -   (7) —NH₂.

Also further within this embodiment, the present invention is directed to compounds wherein R² is phenyl and R^(2a), R^(2b) and R^(2c) are independently selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (1) hydrogen,     -   (2) fluoro,     -   (3) chloro, and     -   (4) bromo.

Within this embodiment the present invention includes compounds of the formula Id:

-   wherein R¹, R^(2a), R^(2b), R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are defined herein; -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and individual     enantiomers and diastereomers thereof.

Within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds of the formula Id′

-   wherein R¹, R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c) and R³ are defined herein; -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and individual     enantiomers and diastereomers thereof.

Also within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds of the formula Id″:

-   wherein R¹, R^(2a), R^(2b), R^(2c), R³ and R⁴ are defined herein; -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and individual     enantiomers and diastereomers thereof.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds wherein wherein A is —NR¹⁰.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of the formula If:

-   wherein R¹, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are defined herein; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an individual     enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

Within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds of the formula If:

-   wherein R¹, R³, R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are defined herein; -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and individual     enantiomers and diastereomers thereof.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds wherein wherein A is —NR¹⁰.

Within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds of the formula Ig:

-   wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R¹⁰ are defined herein; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an individual     enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds of the formula Ig′:

-   wherein R¹, R², R³ and R¹⁰ are defined herein; -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and individual     enantiomers and diastereomers thereof.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds wherein A is —O—.

Within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds of the formula Ih:

-   wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are defined herein; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or an individual     enantiomer or diastereomer thereof.

An embodiment of the present invention includes compounds wherein R³ is C₁₋₆alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with fluoro, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, C₁₋₆alkyl-cyclopropyl, —NH(C₁₋₆alkyl), —N(C₁₋₆alkyl )(C₁₋₆alkyl) or azedinyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with fluoro.

Within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds wherein R³ is —CH₂CH₃. Within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds wherein R³ is —CH₂CH₂F. Within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds wherein R³ is —(CH₂)₂CH₃. Within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds wherein R³ is cyclopropyl. Within this embodiment, the present invention includes compounds wherein R³ is —CH₂cyclopropyl.

Specific embodiments of the present invention include a compound which is selected from the group consisting of the subject compounds of the Examples herein and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and individual enantiomers and diastereomers thereof.

The compounds of the present invention may contain one or more chiral centers and can thus occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, diastereomeric mixtures and individual diastereomers. Additional asymmetric centers may be present depending upon the nature of the various substituents on the molecule. Each such asymmetric center will independently produce two optical isomers and it is intended that all of the possible optical isomers and diastereomers in mixtures and as pure or partially purified compounds are included within the ambit of this invention. The present invention is meant to comprehend all such isomeric forms of these compounds. Formula I shows the structure of the class of compounds without preferred stereochemistry.

The independent syntheses of these diastereomers or their chromatographic separations may be achieved as known in the art by appropriate modification of the methodology disclosed herein. Their absolute stereochemistry may be determined by the x-ray crystallography of crystalline products or crystalline intermediates which are derivatized, if necessary, with a reagent containing an asymmetric center of known absolute configuration.

If desired, racemic mixtures of the compounds may be separated so that the individual enantiomers are isolated. The separation can be carried out by methods well known in the art, such as the coupling of a racemic mixture of compounds to an enantiomerically pure compound to form a diastereomeric mixture, followed by separation of the individual diastereomers by standard methods, such as fractional crystallization or chromatography. The coupling reaction is often the formation of salts using an enantiomerically pure acid or base. The diasteromeric derivatives may then be converted to the pure enantiomers by cleavage of the added chiral residue. The racemic mixture of the compounds can also be separated directly by chromatographic methods utilizing chiral stationary phases, which methods are well known in the art.

Alternatively, any enantiomer of a compound may be obtained by stereoselective synthesis using optically pure starting materials or reagents of known configuration by methods well known in the art.

As appreciated by those of skill in the art, halo or halogen as used herein are intended to include fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo. Similarly, C₁₋₆, as in C₁₋₆alkyl is defined to identify the group as having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbons in a linear or branched arrangement, such that C₁₋₈alkyl specifically includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl and octyl. A group which is designated as being independently substituted with substituents may be independently substituted with multiple numbers of such substituents. The term “heterocycle” as used herein includes both unsaturated and saturated heterocyclic moieties, wherein the unsaturated heterocyclic moieties (i.e. “heteroaryl”) include benzoimidazolyl, benzimidazolonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofurazanyl, benzopyrazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, carbazolyl, carbolinyl, cinnolinyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, indolinyl, indolyl, indolazinyl, indazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, naphthpyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, oxazoline, isoxazoline, oxetanyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrazolyl, tetrazolopyridyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, triazolyl, and N-oxides thereof, and wherein the saturated heterocyclic moieties include azetidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, hexahydroazepinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyridin-2-onyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, thiomorpholinyl, and tetrahydrothienyl, and N-oxides thereof.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids including inorganic or organic bases and inorganic or organic acids; Salts derived from inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic salts, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc, and the like. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium salts. Salts in the solid form may exist in more than one crystal structure, and may also be in the form of hydrates. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amnines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, and basic ion exchange resins, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N-dibenzylethylene-diamine, diethylamnine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2 diethylamino-ethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethyl-morpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylaamine, lysine, methylglucarnine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine, and the like. When the compound of the present invention is basic, salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids. Such acids include acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamnic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and the like. Particularly preferred are citric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, maleic, phosphoric, sulfuric, fumaric, and tartaric acids. It will be understood that, as used herein, references to the compounds of the present invention are meant to also include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts.

Exemplifying the invention is the use of the compounds disclosed in the Examples and herein. Specific compounds within the present invention include a compound which selected from the group consisting of the compounds disclosed in the following Examples and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof and individual diastereomers thereof.

The subject compounds are useful in a method of inhibiting the glycine transporter GlyT1 activity in a patient such as a mammal in need of such inhibition comprising the administration of an effective amount of the compound. The present invention is directed to the use of the compounds disclosed herein as inhibitors of the glycine transporter GlyT1 activity. In addition to primates, especially humans, a variety of other mammals can be treated according to the method of the present invention.

The present invention is further directed to a method for the manufacture of a medicament for inhibiting glycine transporter GlyT1 activity in humans and animals comprising combining a compound of the present invention with a pharmaceutical carrier or diluent.

The subject treated in the present methods is generally a mammal, preferably a human being, male or female, in whom inhibition of glycine transporter GlyT1 activity is desired. The term “therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of the subject compound that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought by the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician. It is recognized that one skilled in the art may affect the neurological and psychiatric disorders by treating a patient presently afflicted with the disorders or by prophylactically treating a patient afflicted with such disorders with an effective amount of the compound of the present invention. As used herein, the terms “treatment” and “treating” refer to all processes wherein there may be a slowing, interrupting, arresting, controlling, or stopping of the progression of the neurological and psychiatric disorders described herein, but does not necessarily indicate a total elimination of all disorder symptoms, as well as the prophylactic therapy to retard the progression or reduce the risk of the noted conditions, particularly in a patient who is predisposed to such disease or disorder.

The term “composition” as used herein is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts. Such term in relation to pharmaceutical composition, is intended to encompass a product comprising the active ingredient(s), and the inert ingredient(s) that make up the carrier, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. By “pharmaceutically acceptable” it is meant the carrier, diluent or excipient must be compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.

The terms “administration of” and or “administering a” compound should be understood to mean providing a compound of the invention or a prodrug of a compound of the invention to the individual in need of treatment.

The utility of the compounds in accordance with the present invention as inhibiting the glycine transporter activity, in particular GlyT1 activity, may be demonstrated by methodology known in the art. Human placental choriocarcinoma cells (JAR cells (ATCC No. HTB-144)) endogenously expressing GlyT1 were cultured in 96-well Cytostar scintillating microplates (Amersham Biosciences) in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum in the presence of penicillin (100 micrograms/milliliter) and streptomycin (100 micrograms/milliliter). Cells were grown at 37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 for 40-48 hours before the assay. Culture medium was removed from the Cytostar plate, and JAR cells were incubated with 30 microliters of TB 1A buffer (120 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 1 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM HEPES, 5 mM L-alanine, pH 7.5 adjusted with Tris base) with or without the compounds of the present invention for 1 minute. Then 30 microliters of [¹⁴C]-glycine diluted with TB1A was added to each well to give a final concentration of 10 micromolar. After incubation at room temperature for 3 hours, the Cytostar scintillating microplates were sealed and counted on a Top Count scintillation counter (Packard). Non-specific uptake of [¹⁴C]-glycine was determined in the presence of 10 mM unlabeled glycine. [¹⁴C]taurine uptake experiments were performed according to the same protocol except that 10 mM unlabeled taurine was used to determine non-specific uptake. To determine potencies, a range of concentrations of the compounds of the present invention was added to the cells, followed by the fixed concentration of [¹⁴C]glycine. The concentration of the present compound that inhibited half of the specific uptake of [¹⁴C]glycine (IC₅₀ value) was determined from the assay data by non-linear curve fitting.

In particular, the compounds of the following examples had activity in inhibiting specific uptake of [¹⁴C)glycine in the aforementioned assay, generally with an IC₅₀ value of less than about 10 micromolar. Preferred compounds within the present invention had activity in inhibiting specific uptake of [¹⁴C]glycine in the aforementioned assay with an IC₅₀ value of less than about 1 micromolar. These compounds were selective for [¹⁴C]glycine uptake (by GlyT1 in the JAR cells) compared to [¹⁴C]taurine uptake (by the taurine transporter TauT in the JAR cells). Such a result is indicative of the intrinsic activity of the compounds in use as inhibitors of GlyT1 transporter activity.

The NMDA receptor is central to a wide range of CNS processes, and plays a role in a variety of disease states in humans or other species. The action of GlyT1 transporters affects the local concentration of glycine around NMDA receptors. Selective GlyT1 inhibitors slow the removal of glycine from the synapse, causing the level of synaptic glycine to rise. This in turn increases the occupancy of the glycine binding site on the NMDA receptor, which increases activation of the NMDA receptor following glutamate release from the presynaptic terminal. Because a certain amount of glycine is needed for the efficient functioning of NMDA receptors, any change to that local concentration can affect NMDA-mediated neurotransmission. Changes in NMDA-mediated neurotransmission have been implicated in certain neuropsychiatric disorders such as dementia, depression and psychoses, for example schizophrenia, and learning and memory disorders, for example attention deficit disorders and autism.

The compounds of the present invention have utility in treating a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with glutamatergic neurotransmission dysfunction, including one or more of the following conditions or diseases: schizophrenia or psychosis including schizophrenia (paranoid, disorganized, catatonic or undifferentiated), schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, shared psychotic disorder, psychotic disorder due to a general medical condition and substance-induced or drug-induced (phencyclidine, ketamine and other dissociative anaesthetics, amphetamine and other psychostimulants and cocaine) psychosispsychotic disorder, psychosis associated with affective disorders, brief reactive psychosis, schizoaffective psychosis, “schizophrenia-spectrum” disorders such as schizoid or schizotypal personality disorders, or illness associated with psychosis (such as major depression, manic depressive (bipolar) disorder, Alzheimer's disease and post-traumatic stress syndrome), including both the positive and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and other psychoses; cognitive disorders including dementia (associated with Alzheimer's disease, ischemia, multi-infarct dementia, trauma, vascular problems or stroke, HIV disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, perinatal hypoxia, other general medical conditions or substance abuse); delirium, amnestic disorders or age related cognitive decline; anxiety disorders including acute stress disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic attack, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder and anxiety due to a general medical condition; substance-related disorders and addictive behaviors (including substance-induced delirium, persisting dementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder or anxiety disorder; tolerance, dependence or withdrawal from substances including alcohol, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics); obesity, bulimia nervosa and compulsive eating disorders; bipolar disorders, mood disorders including depressive disorders; depression including unipolar depression, seasonal depression and post-partum depression, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD), mood disorders due to a general medical condition, and substance-induced mood disorders; learning disorders, pervasive developmental disorder including autistic disorder, attention disorders including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder; NMDA receptor-related disorders such as autism, depression, benign forgetfulness, childhood learning disorders and closed head injury; movement disorders, including akinesias and akinetic-rigid syndromes (including Parkinson's disease, drug-induced parkinsonism, postencephalitic parkinsonism, progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, corticobasal degeneration, parkinsonism-ALS dementia complex and basal ganglia calcification), medication-induced parkinsonism (such as neuroleptic-induced parlinsonism, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, neuroleptic-induced acute dystonia, neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia, neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia and medication-induced postural tremor), Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, epilepsy, muscular spasms and disorders associated with muscular spasticity or weakness including tremors; dyskinesias [including tremor (such as rest tremor, postural tremor and intention tremor), chorea (such as Sydenham's chorea, Huntington's disease, benign hereditary chorea, neuroacanthocytosis, symptomatic chorea, drug-induced chorea and hemiballism), myoclonus (including generalised myoclonus and focal myoclonus), tics (including simple tics, complex tics and symptomatic tics), and dystonia (including generalised dystonia such as iodiopathic dystonia, drug-induced dystonia, symptomatic dystonia and paroxymal dystonia, and focal dystonia such as blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, spasmodic dysphonia, spasmodic torticollis, axial dystonia, dystonic writer's cramp and herniplegic dystonia)]; urinary incontinence; neuronal damage including ocular damage, retinopathy or macular degeneration of the eye, tinnitus, hearing impairment and loss, and brain edema; emesis; and sleep disorders including insomnia and narcolepsy.

Of the disorders above, the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression including unipolar depression, seasonal depression and post-partum depression, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD), learning disorders, pervasive developmental disorder including autistic disorder, attention disorders including Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, autism, tic disorders including Tourette's disorder, anxiety disorders including phobia and post traumatic stress disorder, cognitive disorders associated with dementia, AIDS dementia, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's disease, spasticity, myoclonus, muscle spasm, tinnitus and hearing impairment and loss are of particular importance.

In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating cognitive disorders, comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present invention. Particular cognitive disorders are dementia, delirium, amnestic disorders and age-related cognitive decline. At present, the text revision of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (2000, American Psychiatric Association, Washington D.C.) provides a diagnostic tool that includes cognitive disorders including dementia, delirium, amnestic disorders and age-related cognitive decline. As used herein, the term “cognitive disorders” includes treatment of those mental disorders as described in DSM-IV-TR. The skilled artisan will recognize that there are alternative nomenclatures, nosologies and classification systems for mental disorders, and that these systems evolve with medical and scientific progress. Thus the term “cognitive disorders” is intended to include like disorders that are described in other diagnostic sources.

In another specific embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating anxiety disorders, comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present invention. Particular anxiety disorders are generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic attack. At present, the text revision of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (2000, American Psychiatric Association, Washington D.C.) provides a diagnostic tool that includes anxiety disorders are generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic attack As used herein, the term “anxiety disorders” includes treatment of those mental disorders as described in DSM-IV-TR. The skilled artisan will recognize that there are alternative nomenclatures, nosologies and classification systems for mental disorders, and that these systems evolve with medical and scientific progress. Thus the term “anxiety disorders” is intended to include like disorders that are described in other diagnostic sources.

In another specific embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating schizophrenia or psychosis comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present invention. Particular schizophrenia or psychosis pathologies are paranoid, disorganized, catatonic or undifferentiated schizophrenia and substance-induced psychotic disorder. At present, the text revision of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (2000, American Psychiatric Association, Washington D.C.) provides a diagnostic tool that includes paranoid, disorganized, catatonic or undifferentiated schizophrenia and substance-induced psychotic disorder. As used herein, the term “schizophrenia or psychosis” includes treatment of those mental disorders as described in DSM-IV-TR. The skilled artisan will recognize that there are alternative nomenclatures, nosologies and classification systems for mental disorders, and that these systems evolve with medical and scientific progress. Thus the term “schizophrenia or psychosis” is intended to include like disorders that are described in other diagnostic sources.

In another specific embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating substance-related disorders and addictive behaviors, comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present invention. Particular substance-related disorders and addictive behaviors are persisting dementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder or anxiety disorder induced by substance abuse; and tolerance of, dependence on or withdrawal from substances of abuse. At present, the text revision of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (2000, American Psychiatric Association, Washington D.C.) provides a diagnostic tool that includes persisting dementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder or anxiety disorder induced by substance abuse; and tolerance of, dependence on or withdrawal from substances of abuse. As used herein, the term “substance-related disorders and addictive behaviors” includes treatment of those mental disorders as described in DSM-IV-TR. The skilled artisan will recognize that there are alternative nomenclatures, nosologies and classification systems for mental disorders, and that these systems evolve with medical and scientific progress. Thus the term “substance-related disorders and addictive behaviors” is intended to include like disorders that are described in other diagnostic sources.

In another specific embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating pain, comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present invention. Particular pain embodiments are bone and joint pain (osteoarthritis), repetitive motion pain, dental pain, cancer pain, myofascial pain (muscular injury, fibromyalgia), perioperative pain (general surgery, gynecological), chronic pain and neuropathic pain.

In another specific embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating obesity or eating disorders associated with excessive food intake and complications associated therewith, comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present invention. At present, obesity is included in the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) (1992 World Health Organization) as a general medical condition. The text revision of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (2000, American Psychiatric Association, Washington D.C.) provides a diagnostic tool that includes obesity in the presence of psychological factors affecting medical condition. As used herein, the term “obesity or eating disorders associated with excessive food intake” includes treatment of those medical conditions and disorders described in ICD-10 and DSM-IV-TR. The skilled artisan will recognize that there are alternative nomenclatures, nosologies and classification systems for general medical conditions, and that these systems evolve with medical and scientific progress. Thus the term “obesity or eating disorders associated with excessive food intake” is intended to include like conditions and disorders that are described in other diagnostic sources.

The subject compounds are further useful in a method for the prevention, treatment, control, amelioration, or reducation of risk of the diseases, disorders and conditions noted herein.

The subject compounds are further useful in a method for the prevention, treatment, control, amelioration, or reduction of risk of the aforementioned diseases, disorders and conditions in combination with other agents, including an inhibitor of glycine transporter GlyT1 activity.

The compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with one or more other drugs in the treatment, prevention, control, amelioration, or reduction of risk of diseases or conditions for which compounds of the present invention or the other drugs may have utility, where the combination of the drugs together are safer or more effective than either drug alone. Such other drug(s) may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefor, contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of the present invention. When a compound of the present invention is used contemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a pharmaceutical composition in unit dosage form containing such other drugs and the compound of the present invention is preferred. However, the combination therapy may also includes therapies in which the compound of the present invention and one or more other drugs are administered on different overlapping schedules. It is also contemplated that when used in combination with one or more other active ingredients, the compounds of the present invention and the other active ingredients may be used in lower doses than when each is used singly. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include those that contain one or more other active ingredients, in addition to a compound of the present invention.

The above combinations include combinations of a compound of the present invention not only with one other active compound, but also with two or more other active compounds. Likewise, compounds of the present invention may be used in combination with other drugs that are used in the. prevention, treatment, control, amelioration, or reduction of risk of the diseases or conditions for which compounds of the present invention are useful. Such other drugs may be administered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefor, contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of the present invention. When a compound of the present invention is used contemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a pharmaceutical composition containing such other drugs in addition to the compound of the present invention is preferred. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include those that also contain one or more other active ingredients, in addition to a compound of the present invention.

The weight ratio of the compound of the present invention to the second active ingredient may be varied and will depend upon the effective dose of each ingredient. Generally, an effective dose of each will be used. Thus, for example, when a compound of the present invention is combined with another agent, the weight ratio of the compound of the present invention to the other agent will generally range from about 1000:1 to about 1:1000, preferably about 200:1 to about 1:200. Combinations of a compound of the present invention and other active ingredients will generally also be within the aforementioned range, but in each case, an effective dose of each active ingredient should be used.

In such combinations the compound of the present invention and other active agents may be administered separately or in conjunction. In addition, the administration of one element may be prior to, concurrent to, or subsequent to the administration of other agent(s).

Accordingly, the subject compounds may be used alone or in combination with other agents which are known to be beneficial in the subject indications or other drugs that affect receptors or enzymes that either increase the efficacy, safety, convenience, or reduce unwanted side effects or toxicity of the compounds of the present invention. The subject compound and the other agent may be co-administered, either in concomitant therapy or in a fixed combination.

In one embodiment, the subject compound may be employed in combination with anti-Alzheimer's agents, beta-secretase inhibitors, ganuna-secretase inhibitors, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, NSAID's including ibuprofen, vitamin E, and anti-amyloid antibodies.

In another embodiment, the subject compound may be employed in combination with sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, antianxiety agents, cyclopyrrolones, imidazopyridines, pyrazolopyrimidines, minor tranquilizers, melatonin agonists and antagonists, melatonergic agents, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, 5HT-2 antagonists, and the like, such as: adinazolam, allobarbital, alonimid, alprazolam, amisulpride, amitriptyline, amobarbital, amoxapine, aripiprazole, bentazepam, benzoctamine, brotizolam, bupropion, busprione, butabarbital, butalbital, capuride, carbocloral, chloral betaine, chloral hydrate, clomipramine, clonazepam, cloperidone, clorazepate, chlordiazepoxide, clorethate, chlorpromazine, clozapine, cyprazepam, desipramine, dexclamol, diazepam, dichloralphenazone, divalproex, diphenhydramine, doxepin, estazolam, ethchlorvynol, etomidate, fenobam, flunitrazepam, flupentixol, fluphenazine, flurazepar, fluvoxaminie, fluoxetine, fosazepam, glutethimnide, halazepam, haloperidol, hydroxyzine, imipramine, lithium, lorazepam, lormetazepam, maprotiline, mecloqualone, melatonin, mephobarbital, meprobamate, methaqualone, midaflur, midazolam, nefazodone, nisobamate, nitrazepam, nortriptyline, olanzapine, oxazepam, paraldehyde, paroxetine, pentobarbital, perlapine, perphenazine, phenelzine, phenobarbital, prazepam, promethazine, propofol, protriptyline, quazepam, quetiapine, reclazepam, risperidone, roletamide, secobarbital, sertraline, suproclone, temazepam, thioridazine, thiothixene, tracazolate, tranylcypromaine, trazodone, triazolam, trepipam, tricetamide, triclofos, trifluoperazine, trimetozine, trimipramnine, uldazepam, venlafaxine, zaleplon, ziprasidone, zolazepam, zolpidem, and salts thereof, and combinations thereof, and the like, or the subject compound may be administered in conjunction with the use of physical methods such as with light therapy or electrical stimulation.

In another embodiment, the subject compound may be employed in combination with levodopa (with or without a selective extracerebral decarboxylase inhibitor such as carbidopa or benserazide), anticholinergics such as biperiden (optionally as its hydrochloride or lactate salt) and trihexyphenidyl (benzhexol) hydrochloride, COMT inhibitors such as entacapone, MOA-B inhibitors, antioxidants, A2a adenosine receptor antagonists, cholinergic agonists, N A receptor antagonists, serotonin receptor antagonists and dopamine receptor agonists such as alentemol, bromocriptine, fenoldopam, lisuride, naxagolide, pergolide and pramipexole. It will be appreciated that the dopamine agonist may be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, for example, alentemol hydrobromide, bromocriptine mesylate, fenoldopam mesylate, naxagolide hydrochloride and pergolide mesylate. Lisuride and pramipexol are commonly used in a non-salt form.

In another embodiment, the subject compound may be employed in combination with a compound from the phenothiazine, thioxanthene, heterocyclic dibenzazepine, butyrophenone, diphenylbutylpiperidine and indolone classes of neuroleptic agent. Suitable examples of phenothiazines include chlorpromazine, mesoridazine, thioridazine, acetophenazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine and trifluoperazine. Suitable examples of thioxanthenes include chlorprothixene and thiothixene. An example of a dibenzazepine is clozapine. An example of a butyrophenone is haloperidol. An example of a diphenylbutylpiperidine is pimozide. An example of an indolone is molindolone. Other neuroleptic agents include loxapine, sulpiride and risperidone. It will be appreciated that the neuroleptic agents when used in combination with the subject compound may be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, for example, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, mesoridazine besylate, thioridazine hydrochloride, acetophenazine maleate, fluphenazine hydrochloride, flurphenazine enathate, fluphenazine decanoate, trifluoperazine hydrochloride, thiothixene hydrochloride, haloperidol decanoate, loxapine succinate and molindone hydrochloride. Perphenazine, chlorprothixene, clozapine, haloperidol, pimozide and risperidone are commonly used in a non-salt form. Thus, the subject compound may be employed in combination with acetophenazine, alentemol, aripiprazole, amisulpride, benzhexol, bromocriptine, biperiden, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, clozapine, diazepam, fenoldopam, fluphenazine, haloperidol, levodopa, levodopa with benserazide, levodopa with carbidopa, lisuride, loxapine, mesoridazine, molindolone, naxagolide, olanzapine, pergolide, perphenazine, pimozide, pramipexole, quetiapine, risperidone, sulpiride, tetrabenazine, trihexyphenidyl, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine or ziprasidone.

In another embodiment, the subject compound may be employed in combination with an anti-depressant or anti-anxiety agent, including norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (including tertiary amine tricyclics and secondary amine tricyclics), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (RIMAs), serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists, α-adrenoreceptor antagonists, neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists, atypical anti-depressants, benzodiazepines, 5-HT_(1A) agonists or antagonists, especially 5-HT_(1A) partial agonists, and corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists. Specific agents include: amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine and trimipramine; amoxapine, desipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline and protriptyline; fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline; isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine and selegiline; moclobemide: venlafaxine; duloxetine; aprepitant; bupropion, lithium, nefazodone, trazodone and viloxazine; alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, chlorazepate, diazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, oxazepam and prazepam; buspirone, flesinoxan, gepirone and ipsapirone, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

The compounds of the present invention may be administered by oral, parenteral (e.g., intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, ICV, intracisternal injection or infusion, subcutaneous injection, or implant), by inhalation spray, nasal, vaginal, rectal, sublingual, or topical routes of administration and may be formulated, alone or together, in suitable dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles appropriate for each route of administration. In addition to the treatment of warm-blooded animals such as mice, rats, horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, monkeys, etc., the compounds of the invention are effective for use in humans.

The term “composition” as used herein is intended to encompass a product comprising specified ingredients in predetermined amounts or proportions, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts. This term in relation to pharmaceutical compositions is intended to encompass a product comprising one or more active ingredients, and an optional carrier comprising inert ingredients, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination, complexation or aggregation of any two or more of the ingredients, or from dissociation of one or more of the ingredients, or from other types of reactions or interactions of one or more of the ingredients. In general, pharmaceutical compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active ingredient into association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired formulation. In the pharmaceutical composition the active object compound is included in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect upon the process or condition of diseases. Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention encompass any composition made by admixing a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Pharmaceutical compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period. Compositions for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredients are mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin, or olive oil. Aqueous suspensions, oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, oil-in-water emulsions, and sterile injectable aqueous or oleagenous suspension may be prepared by standard methods known in the art.

In the treatment of conditions which require inhibition of glycine transporter GlyT1 activity an appropriate dosage level will generally be about 0.01 to 500 mg per kg patient body weight per day which can be administered in single or multiple doses. Preferably, the dosage level will be about 0.1 to about 250 mg/kg per day;-more preferably about 0.5 to about 100 mg/kg per day. A suitable dosage level may be about 0.01 to 250 mg/kg per day, about 0.05 to 100 mg/kg per day, or about 0.1 to 50 mg/kg per day. Within this range the dosage may be 0.05 to 0.5, 0.5 to 5 or 5 to 50 mg/kg per day. For oral administration, the compositions are preferably provided in the form of tablets containing 1.0 to 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient, particularly 1.0, 5.0, 10, 15. 20, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 750, 800, 900, and 1000 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated. The compounds may be administered on a regimen of 1 to 4 times per day, preferably once or twice per day. This dosage regimen may be adjusted to provide the optimal therapeutic response. It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular patient may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the host undergoing therapy. Abbreviations used in the description of the chemistry and in the Examples that follow are: CH₂Cl₂ dichloromethane; DIEA diisopropylethylamine; PS-DIEA polystyrene diisopropylethylamine; PS-DMAP polystyrene 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine; DCC dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; Ra—Ni Raney Nickel; HOBt hydroxybenzotriazole; THF tetrahydrofuran; TFA trifluoroacteic acid; MeOH methanol.

Several methods for preparing the compounds of this invention are illustrated in the following Schemes and Examples. Starting materials and the requisite intermediates are in some cases commercially available, or can be prepared according to literature procedures or as illustrated herein.

The compounds of this invention may be prepared by employing reactions as shown in the following schemes, in addition to other standard manipulations that are known in the literature or exemplified in the experimental procedures. Substituent numbering as shown in the schemes does not necessarily correlate to that used in the claims and often, for clarity, a single substituent is shown attached to the compound where multiple substituents are allowed under the definitions hereinabove. Reactions used to generate the compounds of this invention are prepared by employing reactions as shown in the schemes and examples herein, in addition to other standard manipulations such as ester hydrolysis, cleavage of protecting groups, etc., as may be known in the literature or exemplified in the experimental procedures.

In some cases the final product may be further modified, for example, by manipulation of substituents. These manipulations may include, but are not limited to, reduction, oxidation, alkylation, acylation, and hydrolysis reactions which are commonly known to those skilled in the art. In some cases the order of carrying out the foregoing reaction schemes may be varied to facilitate the reaction or to avoid unwanted reaction products. The following examples are provided so that the invention might be more fully understood. These examples are illustrative only and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way.

As illustrated in general Reaction Scheme I for the compounds of the present invention wherein R⁴ is hydrogen and R⁵ is hydrogen, a suitably substituted 4-cyanopiperidine is deprotonated employing KHMDS, followed by a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction with 2-fluoropyridine to provide I-2. Exposure of this material to HCl removes the Boc protecting group to afford the free amine which is treated with a sulfonyl chloride under standard reaction conditions to provide the corresponding sulfonamide. Hydrogenation employing Ra—Ni under a hydrogen atmosphere provides the corresponding amine, which is acylated under standard reactions conditions to deliver the final material. In this instance, all of the sulfonyl chlorides, acid chlorides and carboxylic acids employed were commercially available, as were the starting 4-cyanopiperidines.

As illustrated in general Reaction Scheme II for the compounds wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₆alkyl and R⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆alkyl, a suitably substituted 4-cyanopiperidine is reacted with a sulfonyl chloride under standard reaction conditions to provide the corresponding sulfonamide. Nucleophilic addition to the nitrile using a Grignard reagent or double nucleophilic addition to the nitrile using an alkyl cerium reagent furnishes the corresponding amine. After chromatographic resolution of the racemate, this material is acylated under standard conditions to deliver the final material. In this instance, all of the sulfonyl chlorides, acid chlorides, Grignard reagents, and alkyl lithium reagents, acid chlorides, and carboxylic acids were commercially available. The starting 4-cyanopiperidine is commercially available.

tert-Butyl 4-cyano-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (I-2)

To a solution of 2-fluoro-pyridine (5.83 g, 60 mmole) in toluene (40 mL) was added tert-butyl 4-cyanopiperidine-1-carboxylate (I-1) (4.22 g, 20 mmole) and 0.5M solution of KHMDS (48 mL, 24 mmole). The reaction mixture was stirred 2 h at rt ° C. After this time, LCMS indicated that the reaction was completion. The reaction mixture was poured into brine (150 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×150 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (2×100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford the desired product tert-butyl 4-cyano4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (I-2) as a yellow-brown solid. Analytical LCMS: single peak (214 mm), 3.076 min. This product was used in next step reaction without further purification.

4-Pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-4-carbonitrile (I-3)

tert-Butyl 4-cyano-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (I-2) (5.45 g, 19 mmole) was dissolved in TFA-DCM (1:1, 50 mL) at 0° C. The resultant reaction mixture was stirred for 40 min at 0° C. After this time, LCMS indicated that the reaction was completion. The reaction mixture solution was concentrated. The residue was treated with 2N NaOH-brine (1: 1, 80 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (5×200 mL). The combined EtOAc extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated to afford the desired product 4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine4-carbonitrile (I-3) as a yellow solid. Analytical LCMS: single peak (214 nm), 0.962 min. This product was used in next step without further purification.

1-(Propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-4-carbonitrile (I-4A)

4-Pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-4-carbonitrile (1-2) (3.55 g, 19 mmole) was dissolved in DCM-DIEA (v/v 5:1, 60 mL) at 0° C. To this solution was added n-PrSO₂Cl (2.98, 21 mmole). The reaction mixture was then stirred for 1 h at 0° C. After this time, LCMS indicated that the reaction was completion. 2N NaOH (40 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred 1 h at 0° C. The reaction mixture solution was then extracted with EtOAc (4×200 mL). The combined EtOAc extracts were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated to afford the desired product 1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine4-carbonitrile (I-4A) as a yellow-brown solid. Analytical LCMS: single peak (214 nm), 2.642 min. This product was used in next step reaction without further purification.

1-[1-(Propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methenamine (I-5)

A mixture of 1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine4-carbonitrile (I-4A) (5.56 g, 19 mmole) and Raney-Ni (2.8 g) in ammonia-MeOH (2M, 100 mL) was hydrogenated under H₂ (55 psi) at rt o/n. After this time LCMS indicated that the reaction was completion. The catalyst was filtered and washed with MeOH (6×60 mL). The MeOH solution was concentrated on a rotary evaporator to afford 1-[1-propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methenamine (I-5) as a liquid. Analytical LCMS: single peak (214 nm), 1.706 min. This product was used in next step reaction without further purification.

2-Chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide (I-6)

2-Chloro-3,6-difluorbenzoyl chloride (253 mg, 1.2 mmole) was added to a solution of 1-[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methenamine (I-5) (297 mg, 1.0 mmole) and DIEA (310 mg, 2.4 mmole) in DCM (10 mL) at 0° C. with stirring. The resultant mixture was stirred for 2 h at 0° C. After this time LCMS indicated that the reaction was completed. 1N NaOH (3 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred 1 h at rt. After this period, brine (5 mL) was added. The organic phase was separated. The aqueous solution was extracted with DCM (2×15 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated, and purified by LCMS. The concentrated LCMS collection was treated with 1N NaOH (4 mL), extracted with DCM (4×10 mL). The combined DCM extracts was washed with brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated to afford the pure product as a free base (white solid, 458 mg). This free base was treated with 4M HCl (2 mL) in dioxane and concentrated to afford HCl salt as a white solid. Analytical LCMS: single peak (214 nm), 2.344 min. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.71 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 8.40 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.30-8.37 (s, broad, 1H), 7.85 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.08-7.14 (m, 1H), 6.93-6.98 (m, 1H), 4.19 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 3.51-3.57 (m, 4H), 2.90-2.95 (m, 2H), 2.54 (d, J=13.8 Hz, 2H), 2.23-2.33 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.07 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H); MS, calc'd for C₂₁H₂₄CIF₂N₃O₃S (M+H), 472.1268; found 472.126.

tert-Butyl 4-cyano-4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (II-2)

To a solution of 2-fluoro-6-methylpyridine (6.67 g, 60 mmole) in toluene (40 mL) was added tert-butyl 4-cyanopiperidine-1-carboxylate (I-1) (4.22 g, 20 mmole) and 0.5M solution of KHMDS (48 mL, 24 mmole). The reaction mixture was stirred 2h min at rt ° C. After this time, LCMS indicated that the reaction was completion. The reaction mixture was poured into brine (150 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×150 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (2×100 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford the desired product tert-butyl 4-cyano4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (II-2) as a yellow-brown solid. Analytical LCMS: single peak (214 nm), 3.241 min. This product was used in next step reaction without further purification.

4-(6-Methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-4-carbonitrile dihydrochloride (II-3)

tert-Butyl 4-cyano-4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (II-2) (5.41 g, 18 mmole) was added 4M HCl in dioxane (60 mL). The resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at rt. After this time, LCMS indicated that the reaction was completion. The reaction was concentrated to afford 4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-4-carbonitrile dihydrochloride (II-3) as a white solid. Analytical LCMS: single peak (214 nm), 1.669 min. This product was used in next step without further purification.

4-(6-Methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidine-4-carbonitrile (II-4A)

To a solution of 4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-4-carbonitrile dihydrochloride (II-3) (2.74 g, 10 mmole) in DCM (60 mL) containing DIEA (5.16 g, 40 mmole) was added n-C₃H₇SO₂Cl (1.57 g, 11 mmole) at 0° C. The resultant reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at 0° C. After this time, LCMS indicated that the reaction was completion. 2N NaOH (30 mL) was added to the reaction. The resultant reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at rt. After this time, the DCM layer was separated. The aqueous solution was extracted with DCM (3×80 mL). The combined DCM solution was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to afford the desired product 4-6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidine-4-carbonitrile (II-4A). Analytical LCMS: single peak (214 nm), 2.967 min. This product was used in next step reaction without further purification.

{[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl}methylamine (II-5)

A 4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidine-4-carbonitrile (II-4A) (2.77 g, 9 mmole) and Raney-Ni (1.5 g) in ammonia-MeOH (2M, 80 mL) was hydrogenated under H₂ (55 psi) at rt o/n. After this time LCMS indicated that the reaction was completion. The catalyst was filtered and washed with MeOH (6×60 mL). The MeOH solution was concentrated on a rotary evaporator to afford {[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}amine (II-5) as a liquid. Anal LCMS: single peak (214 nm), 1.931 min. This product was used in next step reaction without further purification.

2.4-Dichloro-N-{[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulonyl)piperidin-4-yl]benzamide (II-6)

2,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride (252 mg, 1.2 mmole) was added to a solution of {[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}amine (II-5) (311 mg, 1.0 mmole) and DIEBA (310 mg, 2.4 mmole) in DCM (10 mL) at 0° C. with stirring. The resultant mixture was stirred 2 h at 0° C. After this time LCMS indicated that the reaction was completed. 1N NaOH (3 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred 1 h at rt. After this period, brine (5 mL) was added. The organic phase was separated. The aqueous solution was extracted with DCM (2×15 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated, and purified by LCMS. The concentrated LCMS collection was treated with 1N NaOH (4 mL), extracted with DCM (4×10 mL). The combined DCM extracts was washed with brine (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated to afford the pure product as a free base (white solid, 458 mg). Analytical LCMS: single peak (214 nm), 2.454 min. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.60 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.46 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 7.40 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (dd, J=8.4, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (t, J=5.9 Hz, 4H), 2.87-2.93 (m, 2H), 2.50 (s, 3H) 2.25-2.32 (m, 2H), 1.91-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.90 (m, 2H), 1.06 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H); HRMS, calc'd for C₂₂H₂₈Cl₂N₃O₃S (M+H), 484.1223; found 484.1183.

tert-Butyl 4-cyano-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (III-2)

A solution of 2-fluoropyridine (5.83 g, 60 mmol) and tert-butyl 4-cyanopiperidine-1-carboxylate (I-1, 4.22 g, 20 mmol) in toluene (40 mL) at room temperature was treated with KHMDS (48 mL of a 0.5 M solution, 24 mmol). After stirring 2 h, the reaction mixture was poured into brine (150 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×150 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (2×150 mL), dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-cyano-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (I-2) as a yellow-brown solid. Analytical LCMS: single peak (214 nm), 3.076 min. This material was used in subsequent reactions without further purification.

1-(Ethylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-4-carbonitrile (III-3)

tert-Butyl 4-cyano-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (I-2, 5.45 g, 19 mmol) was dissolved in TFA/CH₂Cl₂ (1:1, 50 mL) at 0° C. After stirring 40 min, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with 2 N NaOH in saturated aqueous NaCl (1:1, 80 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (5×200 mL). The combined extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-4-carbonitrile (3.55 g, 19 mmol) which was used immediately in subsequent reactions. A solution of 4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-4-carbonitrile (3.55 g, 19 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) at 0° C. was treated with i-Pr₂NEt (10 mL) and n-EtSO₂Cl (2,24 mL, 21 mmol). After stirring for 1 h at 0° C., the reaction mixture was treated with 2 N NaOH and stirred vigorously for an additional 1 h, before being extracted with EtOAc (4×200 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 1-ethylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-4-carbonitrile (I-3) as a yellow-brown solid. Analytical LCMS: single peak (214 nm), 1.6501 min. This material was used in subsequent reactions without further purification.

{(1S)-1-[1-(ethylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}amine (III-4)

A solution of 1-(ethylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-4-carbonitrile (I-3, 5.0 g, 17 mmol) in toluene (130 mL) at room temperature was treated with MeMgBr (48.9 mL of a 1.0 M solution in dibutyl ether, 28.9 mmol). After 18 h, the reaction was cooled to 0° C. and treated with MeOH (29 mL). After 10 min, the reaction was treated with NaBH₄ (1.0 g, 26.4 mmol), warmed to room temperature, and stirred an additional 10 min after which the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and quenched with the dropwise addition of saturated aqueous NH₄C (15 mL). The reaction was diluted with H₂O (300 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×200 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated under reduced pressure, and dissolved in pH 7 phosphate buffer (300 mL). The buffered solution was washed with EtOAc (200 mL) and the organic layer was extracted with fresh pH 7 buffer (2×150 mL). The combined buffer solutions were made basic with concentrated NH₄OH and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×200 mL), and these extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford {(1S)-1-[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}amine (I-4). This material was fully resolved into 1R and 1S isomers (>99% ee) using a ChiralPak AD column. NOE analysis of Mosher's amides and single X-ray crystal analysis of a derivative confirmed the absolute stereochemistry of each isomer. Analytical LCMS: single peak (214 nm), 1.864 min.

2,4-dichloro-N-{(1S)-1-[1-(ethylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide (III-5)

A solution of {(1S)-1-[1-(ethyllsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin4-yl]ethyl}amine (I-4, 80 mg, 0.26 mmol) in DMF (0.7 mL) was treated with i-Pr2NEt (0.2 mL, 1.15 mmol) and 2,4-dichloro-benzoyl chloride (0.15 mL, 0.8 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The reaction mixture was purified directly by reverse phase HPLC to afford 2,4-dichloro-N-{(1S)-1-[1-(ethylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide (III-5). Analytical LCMS: single peak (214 nm), 2.619 min. 1H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz); δ 8.58 (dm, J=3.6 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (td, J=7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (m, 2H), 4.51 (m, 1H), 3.59 (m, 1H), 3.49 (m, 1H), 3.27 (m, 1H), 2.91 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.88 (m, 1H), 2.88 (m, 1H), 2.47 (m, 2H), 2.04 (m, 2H), 1.33 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H); HRMS: calc'd for C₂₁H₂₅Cl₂N₃O₃S, 470.1067 (M+H); found 470.1055.

{1-Methyl-1-[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}amine (IV-1)

A solid sample of CeCl₃.7H₂O (3.78 g, 10.1 mmol) was dried with stirring under high vacuum at 145° C. for 2 h, after which the fluffy white solid was cooled to room temperature and THP (20 mL) added. The resulting suspension was stirred vigorously for 2 h, cooled to −78° C., and treated with MeLi (6.1 mL of a 1.5 M solution in diethyl ether, 9.2 mmol). After 30 min, a solution of 1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-4-carbonitrile (I-3, 0.9 g, 3.1 mmol) in THF was added dropwise, and the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with the addition of concentrated NH₄OH (10 mL), filtered through Celite (CH₂Cl₂ wash), and the filtrate was diluted with H₂O (150 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×100 mL). The combined organic extracts were dried (Na₂SO₄), concentrated under reduced pressure, and purified by reverse phase HPLC to afford {1-Methyl-1-[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}amine (II-1) as a tan oil. Analytical LCMS: single peak (214 nm), 2.036 min.

2-Chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{1-methyl-1-[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide (IV-2)

A solution of {1-Methyl-1-[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}amine (II-1, 43 mg, 0.13 mmol) in DMF (0.7 mL) was treated with i-Pr₂NEt (0.066 mL, 0.38 mmol) and 2-chloro-3,6,-difluorobenzoyl chloride (0.2 mL, 0.8 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was purified directly by reverse phase HPLC to afford 2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{1-methyl-1-[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide (II-2). Analytical LCMS: single peak (214 nm), 2.803 min. ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 300 M ) δ 8.67 (d, J=3.9 Hz, 1H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 8.15 (ddd, J=1.8, 7.8, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (dd, J=5.5, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (ddd, J=4.8, 9.3, 14.1 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (ddd, J=4.2, 8.4, 12.3 Hz), 1H), 3.76-3.65 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.78 (m, 4H), 2.69-2.54 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.15 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.43 (s, 6H), 0.98 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H); RMS m/z 500.1572 (C₂₂H₂₈ClF₂N₃O₃S+H⁺ requires 500.1581).

Compounds in Table 1 were synthesized as shown in Reaction Schemes I or II, but substituting the appropriately substituted sulfonyl chloride and/or acid chloride/carboxylic acid as described in Schemes 1, 2, 3, 4 and the foregoing examples. The requisite starting materials were commercially available, described in the literature or readily synthesized by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis.

TABLE 1 MS Compound Nomenclature M + 1

2-chloro-N-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 437  

2,6-dichloro-N-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 471.4

2-bromo-N-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 481.4

2,4-dichloro-N-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 471.4

2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 455  

2-amino-6-chloro-N-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 452  

2-fluoro-6-methoxy-N-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 450.5

2-chloro-N-{[4-(6- methylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 451  

2-fluoro-N-{[4-(6- methylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}-6- (trifluoromethyl)benzamide 502.6

2,6-difluoro-N-{[4-(6- methylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 452.5

2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-{[4-(6- methylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 469  

2,6-dichloro-N-{[4-(6- methylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 485.5

2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{[4- (6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 487  

2-chloro-4-fluoro-N-{[4-(6- methylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 469  

4-chloro-2-fluoro-N-{[4-(6- methylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 469  

2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(4- methylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 485.5

2,4-dichloro-N-{[1- (methylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 443.3

2,4-dichloro-N-{[1- (isopropylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin- 2-ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 471.4

2,4-dichloro-N-{[1- (ethylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 457.4

2,4-dichloro-N-{[1- (cyclopropylsulfonyl)-4- pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 469.4

2,4-dichloro-N-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-3- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 471.4

2,6-dichloro-N-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-3- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 471.4

2,4-dichloro-N-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-4- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 471.4

2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-4- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 454.9

2,4-dichloro-N-({1- [(dimethylamino)sulfonyl]-4- pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl}methyl)benzamide 472.4

4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methyl-N- {[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}butanamide 450.5

2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-{[4-(6- morpholin-4-ylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 540.1

2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(6- morpholin-4-ylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 556.5

2,4,5-trifluoro-N-{[4-(6- methoxypyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 486.5

2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-N-{[4- (6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 519.4

N-{[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)- 1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}cyclohexane- carboxamide 422.6

2-chloro-N-{[1- (cyclopropylsulfonyl)-4-(6- methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidin- 4-yl]methyl}-3,6- difluorobenzamide 484.9

N-{[1-(ethylsulfonyl)-4- pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}-2,4- difluorobenzamide 424.9

N-(sec-butyl)-N′-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}urea 397.6

N-(4-bromophenyl)-N′-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}urea 496.4

3-fluorobenzyl {[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}carbamate 450.5

2-chlorobenzyl {[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}carbamate 467  

2,4-dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1- [1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin- 2-ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}benzamide 499.5

2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{1- methyl-1-[1-(propylsulfonyl)- 4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}benzamide 501.0

N-{1-methyl-1-[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}-2- (trifluoromethoxy)benzamide 514.6

2,4-dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1- [4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]ethyl}benzamide 513.5

2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{1- methyl-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin- 2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]ethyl}benzamide 515.0

2,4-dichloro-N-{(1S)-1-[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}benzamide 485.4

2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{(1S)- 1-[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4- pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}benzamide 487.0

2,4-dichloro-N-{(1S)-1-[4-(6- methylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]ethyl}benzamide 499.5

2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{(1S)- 1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]ethyl}benzamide 501.0

4,4,4-trifluoro-3-methyl-N- {(1S)-1-[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4- pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}butanamide 450.5

N-{(1S)-1-[1-(propylsulfonyl)- 4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}thiophene-3- carboxamide 422.6

N-{(1S)-1-[1-(propylsulfonyl)- 4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}cyclopentane- carboxamide 408.6

N-{(1S)-1-[1-(propylsulfonyl)- 4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}cyclohexane- carboxamide 422.6

2-ethyl-N-{(1S)-1-[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}butanamide 410.6

2-methyl-N-{(1S)-1-[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}butanamide 396.6

3,3,3-trifluoro-N-{(1S)-1-[4- (6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]ethyl}propanamide 436.5

2,5-dichloro-N-{(1S)-1-[4-(6- methylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]ethyl}thiophene-3- carboxamide 505.5

4-bromo-N-{(1S)-1-[4-(6- methylpyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]ethyl}thiophene-3- carboxamide 515.5

2,5-dichloro-N-{(1S)-1-[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}thiophene-3- carboxamide 491.5

4-bromo-N-{(1S)-1-[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}thiophene-3- carboxamide 501.5

2-chloro-N-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyrimidin- 4-ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 438.1

2,4-dichloro-N-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyrimidin- 4-ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 472.4

2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyrimidin- 4-ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 473.9

2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-N-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyrimidin- 4-ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 490.4

2-chloro-N-{(1S)-1-[1- (ethylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}benzamide 436.9

2-chloro-N-{(1S)-1-[1- (ethylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}-3,6- difluorobenzamide 472.9

2-chloro-N-{(1S)-1-[1- (ethylsulfonyl)-4-(6- methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidin- 4-yl]ethyl}-3,6- difluorobenzamide 486.9

2,4-dichloro-N-{(1S)-1-[1- (ethylsulfonyl)-4-(6- methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidin- 4-yl]ethyl}benzamide 485.5

2,4-Dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1-[1-(azetidinesulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide (V-2)

A solution of 2,4-Dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1-[4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide (V-1, 45 mg, 0.12 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) was cooled in an ice bath and treated with i-Pr₂NEt (0.086 mL, 0.49 mmol) followed by azetidinylsulfamoyl chloride (literature reference J. Chem. Soc. Perkin 1 1994, p1595) (29 mg, 0.19 mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The volatile components were removed in vacuo and the residue purified by preparative TLC eluting with 3% methanol-DCM to afford 2,4-dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1-[1-(azetidinesulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide (V-2). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 8.55 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (t, J=7 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=8 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (m, 2H), 7.27 (m, 1H), 7.19 (m, 1H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 3.90 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 4H), 3.84 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 2H),), 3.46 (m, 2H), 3.30 (m, 2H), 2.31 (m, 2H), 2.22 (m, 2H), 1.94 (m, 2H); MS 483 (M+H).

Compounds in Table 2 were synthesized as described in Scheme V and and the foregoing examples but substituting the appropriately substituted sulfamoyl chloride. The requisite starting materials were commercially available, described in the literature or-readily synthesized by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis.

TABLE 2 MS Compound Nomenclature M + 1

2,4-dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1- [1-(3-fluoroazetidinesulfonyl)- 4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}benzamide 501

2,4-dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1- [1-(3-fluoroazetidinesulfonyl)- 4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}benzamide 519

2,4-dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1- [1-(azetidinesulfonyl)-4-(3- fluoropyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}benzamide 501

2,4-Dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1-[1-(tert-butoxycarbonylaminosulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide (VI-1)

A solution of 2,4-Dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1-[4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide (V-1, 603 mg, 1.66 mmol) and Et₃N (201 mg, 1.99 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was reacted with tert-butoxycarbonylaminosulfonyl chloride (generated in situ by reaction of tert-butanol (205 mg, 2.77 mmol) and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate (234 mg, 1.66 mmol)) according to the reported procedure (literature reference Tetrahedron 1993, 49, p65-76) to give the crude product. Purification by flash chromatography eluting with 1-2% methanol-DCM afforded 2,4-dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1-[1-(tert-butoxycarbonylamninosulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4yl]ethyl}benzamide (VI-1). MS 543 (M+H).

2,4-Dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1-[1-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)ethylaminosulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide (VI-2)

Sodium hydride (60% dispersion in oil, 8.6 mg, 0.22 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 2,4-dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1-[1-(tert-butoxycarbonylaminosulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide (VI-1, 100 mg, 0.20 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) under nitrogen. After stirring at room temperature for 15 mins, a solution of ethyl iodide (0.016 mL, 0.20 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) was added. The reaction mixture stirred at room temperature for 12 h then portioned between diethyl ether and water. The organic phase was separated and the aqueous phase rextracted with diethyl ether twice. The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and the solvent removed in vacuo. Preparative TLC eluting with 2% methanol-DCM afforded 2,4-Dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1-[1-((tert-butoxycarbony)ethylaminosulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide (VI-2). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 8.57 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 7.75 (m, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (m, 1H), 7.22 (m, 1H), 6.99 (m, 1H), 3.83 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 3.71 (m, 2H), 3.56 (m, 2H), 3.37 (m, 2H), 2.35 (m, 2H), 1.98 (m, 2H), 1.48 (s, 9H), 1.24 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H).

2,4-Dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1-[1-(ethylaminosulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide (VI3)

2,4-Dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1-[1-((tert-butoxycarbony)ethylaminosulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide (VI-2, 35 mg, 0.061 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (1.6 mL) and cooled in an ice bath. TFA (0.4 mL) was added dropwise and upon completion of the addition the reaction mixture was stirred in a nice bath for 0.5 h then allowed to warm to roomtemperature and stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The volatile components of the reaction mixture were removed in vacuo then saturated aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution added dropwise. The mixture was extracted three times with EtOAc. The combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄) and the solvent removed in vacuo to give 2,4-dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1-[1-(ethylaminosulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide (VI-3). ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 500 MHz), δ 8.62 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (m, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (m, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 3.48 (m, 2H), 3.00 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 2.94 (m, 2H), 2.50 (m, 2H), 2.04 (m, 2H), 1.12 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H); MS 472 (M+H).

2,4-Dichloro-N-{[1-[(ethylamino)sulfonyl]-4-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide

N-Ethyl-2-hydroxyl-benzenesulfonamide

A solution of catechol sulfate (911 mg, 5.29 mmol) in DCM (2 ml) was added to a solution of triethylamine (0.65 g, 0.89 ml, 6.35 mmol) and ethylamine (2M solution in THF, 3.17 ml, 6.35 mmol) at 0° C. with vigorous stirring. The mixture was stirred for 2.5 hours at 0° C. then poured into 0.3 M HCl solution (100 ml) and extracted with diethyl ether (3×25 ml). The combined organic extracts were washed with water (6×50 ml), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated to give a yellow oil. The crude product was chromatographed on silica eluted with 5% methanol in DCM to give the title product as an orange oil. 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl₃): 7.23-7.17 (2 H, m), 7.08-7.04 (1 H, m), 6.96-6.90 (1H, m), 6.28 (1 H, bs), 4.84 (1 H, bs), 3.33 (2 H, q, J=7.2Hz), 1.24 (3 H, t, J=7.3 Hz).

2,4-Dichloro-N-{[1-[(ethylamino)sulfonyl]-4-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide

A solution of N-ethyl-2-hydroxyl-benzenesulfonamide (30 mg, 0.137 mmol) and 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide (57.5 mg, 0.150 mmol) (prepared by the method in Example 1) in dioxane (2 ml) was refluxed under nitrogen for 4.5 hours. The mixture was allowed to cool then poured into 1 M HCl solution and extracted with diethyl ether (2×20 ml). The organic phase was washed with water (20 ml) and brine (20 ml), dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and evaporated. The crude product was purified by preparatory TLC eluted with 50% ethyl acetate in isohexane to give the title product as a white foamy solid. 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl3): 8.39-8.35 (1 H, m), 7.55 (1 H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 7.43-7.35 (2 H, m), 7.30-7.01 (2 H, m), 6.76-6.69 (1 H, m), 4.00-3.94 (3 H, m), 3.54-3.45 (2 H, m), 3.26-3.20 (2 H, m), 3.17-3.09 (2 H, m), 2.74-2.63 (2 H, m), 1.88-1.80 (2 H, m), 1.19 (3 H, t, J=7.2 Hz). m/e=489/491 (3:2).

Compounds in Table 3 were synthesized as from N-ethyl-2-hydroxyl-benzenesulfonamide and the appropriately substituted piperidine prepared as described in the foregoing examples. The requisite starting materials were commercially available, described in the literature or readily synthesized by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis.

TABLE 3 MS Compound Nomenclature M + 1

2,4-Dichloro-N-{1-[1- (ethylaminosulfonyl)-4- pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}benzamide 485

2,4-Dichloro-N-{1-[1- (ethylaminosulfonyl)-4-(3- fluoropyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl]ethyl}benzamide 503

EXAMPLE 8-1

2,4-Dichloro-N-{[4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide tert-Butyl 4-cyano-4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate

A solution of tert-butyl 4-cyanopiperidine-1-carboxylate (6.3 g, 30 mmol) and 2-fluoro-3-methylpyridine (5 g, 45 mmol) was formed in toluene (50 mL) and cool in an ice-bath while potassium hexamethyldisilazide (72 mL, 0.5 M in toluene) was added dropwise. The mixture was then allowed to warm to room temperature over night. The solution was poured into water (200 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×200 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over magnesium sulphate (anhydrous), filtered and evaporated to an orange oil. Purification by flash column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane containing 5% ethyl acetate as eluent afforded the desired product: tert-butyl 4-cyano-4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a white solid: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl3): 8.41 (1 H, dd, J=1.4, 4.7 Hz), 7.54-7.2 (1 H, m), 7.19 (1 H, dd, J=4.6, 7.6 Hz), 4.24 (2 H, br s), 3.28 (2 H, br s), 2.64 (3 H, s), 2.24 (4 H, br s), 1.47 (9 H, s).

tert-Butyl 4-(aminomethyl)-4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate

A solution of tert-butyl 4-cyano4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (2 g, 6.6 mmol) in methanol (70 mL containing 2 M ammonia) was reacted with Raney nickel (1 mL of 50% slurry in water) under 45 psi hydrogen for 24 hours. The catalyst was filtered off and washed thoroughly with methanol. Evaporation of solvent afforded the desired product: tert-butyl 4-aminomethyl)4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl3): 8.44 (1 H, br s), 7.41 (1 H, d, J=7.4 Hz), 7.07 (1 H, br s), 3.80 (2 H, br s), 3.01 (4 H, br s), 2.66 (2 H, s), 2.48 (3 H, s), 1.62-1.54 (2 H, m), 1.44 (9 H, s).

tert-Butyl 4-{[(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)amino]methyl}-4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate

A solution of tert-butyl 4-aminomethyl)-4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (1 g, 3.3 mmol) and N,N-disopropylethylamine (0.63 mL, 3.6 mmol) was formed in dichloromethane (10 mL) 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl chloride (0.48 mL, 3.4 mmol) was added dropwise and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture was poured into water (20 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×20 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over magnesium sulphate (anhydrous), filtered and evaporated to an orange oil. Purification by flash column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane containing 10% ethyl acetate as eluent afforded the desired product: tert-butyl 4-{[(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)amino]methyl)-4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl3): 8.36 (1 H, dd, J=1.7, 4.6 Hz), 7.56 (1 H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 7.44-7.42 (1 H, m), 7.35 (1 H, d, J=2.0 Hz), 7.26 (1H, dd, J=2.0, 8.4), 7.09 (2 H, dd, J=4.6, 7.6 Hz), 3.95 (2 H, br s), 3.58-3.52 (4 H, m), 2.55 (3 H, s), 1.68-1.61 (2 H, m), 1.47 (9 H, m).

2,4-Dichloro-N-{[4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide hydrochloride salt

A solution of tert-butyl 4-{[(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)amino]methyl}-4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (200 mg, 0.42 mmol) was formed in methanol (5 mL). Hydrochloric acid (concentrated, 1 mL) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue azeotroped with toluene to afford the desired product: 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide hydrochloride: m/z (ES) 378 (M+H).

2,4-Dichloro-N-{[4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide

A solution of 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide hydrochloride salt (173 mg, 0.42 mmol) was formed in dichloromethane (5 mL) with N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.3 mL, 1.7 mmol). 1-Propanesulphonyl chloride (47 uL) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature over night. The mixture was poured into aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate (sat. 10 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (2×10 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over magnesium sulphate (anhydrous), filtered and evaporated. Purification by flash column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane containing 20% ethyl acetate as eluent afforded the desired product: 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl3): 8.35 (1 H, d, J=3.3 Hz), 7.56 (1 H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.47 (1 H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 7.37 (1 H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 7.29-7.26(2 H, m), 7.11 (1 H, dd, J=4.6, 7.6 Hz), 4.02 (2 H, d, J=6.1 Hz), 3.53-3.41 (4 H, m), 2.91-2.89 (2 H, m), 2.72-2.64 (2 H, m), 2.60 (3 H, s), 1.89-1.81 (2 H, m), 1.80-1.74 (2 H, m), 1.06 (3 H, t, J=7.4 Hz); m/z (Es) 484 (M+H).

Compounds in Table 4 were synthesized from the appropriately substituted heterocycle as in the foregoing examples, but substituting the appropriately substituted sulfonyl chloride and/or acid chloride/isocyanate. The requisite starting materials were commercially available, described in the literature or readily synthesized by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis

TABLE 4 m/z (ES) Structure Name (M + H)

2,4-dichloro-N-({1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-[6- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl]piperidin-4- yl}methyl)benzamide 538

2,4-dichloro-N-{[1- [(cyclopropylmethyl)sulfonyl]- 4-(3-methylpyridin-2- yl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 496

2,4-dichloro-N-({1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-[4- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2- yl]piperidin-4- yl}methyl)benzamide 538

2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(3- chloropyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 504

2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(3- methoxypyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 500

2-chloro-N-{[4-(3- chloropyridin-2-yl)-1- (ethylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}-3,6- difluorobenzamide 492

2,4-dichloro-N-({1- [(cyclopropylmethyl)sulfonyl]- 4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl}methyl)benzamide 482

methyl [(4-{[(2,4- dichlorobenzoyl)amino]methyl}- 4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-1- yl)sulfonyl]acetate 500

2,4-dichloro-N-{[1- (ethylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 456

2,4-dichloro-N-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-pyrazin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 471

2,4-dichloro-N-(1-{1-[(3- fluoropropyl)sulfonyl]-4- pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl}ethyl)benzamide 502

2,4-dichloro-N-({1-[(3- fluoropropyl)sulfonyl]-4- pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4- yl}methyl)benzamide 488

2,4-dichloro-N-{[1-[(3- fluoropropyl)sulfonyl]-4-(3- fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperidin- 4-yl]methyl}benzamide 506

2,4-dichloro-N-{[1- [(cyclopropylmethyl)sulfonyl]- 4-(3-fluoropyridin-2- yl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl} benzamide 499

2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(3- fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 488

2-chloro-3,5-difluoro-N-{[1- [(cyclopropylmethyl)sulfonyl]- 4-(3-fluoropyridin-2- yl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl} benzamide 502

2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-N-{[1- [(cyclopropylmethyl)sulfonyl]- 4-(3-fluoropyridin-2- yl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl} benzamide 518

2,4-dichloro-N-{1-[4-(3- fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1- (propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]ethyl}benzamide 502

2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(6- trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)- 1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 556

4-bromo-2-chloro-N-{[1- (ethylsulfonyl)-4-(3- fluoropyridin-2-yl)-piperidin- 4-yl]methyl}benzamide 518

N-(3-fluorobenzyl)-N′-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)4-(6- trifluoromethylpyridin-2- yl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}urea 517

2,4-dichloro-N-{1-[1- (ethylsulfonyl)-4-(3- fluoropyridin-2-yl)-piperidin- 4-yl]ethyl}benzamide 488

2-bromo-4-fluoro-N-{[1- (ethylsulfonyl)-4-(3- fluoropyridin-2-yl)-piperidin- 4-yl]methyl}benzamide 502

2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{[1- (ethylsulfonyl)-4-(3- fluoropyridin-2-yl)-piperidin- 4-yl]methyl}benzamide 476

2,4-dichloro-N-{[1- (ethylsulfonyl)-4-(3- trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)- piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 524

2,4-dichloro-N-({1-[(3- fluoropropyl)sulfonyl]-4-(3- trifluoromethylpyridin-2- ylpiperidin-4- yl}methyl)benzamide 556

2,4,6-trifluoro-N-{[1- (ethylsulfonyl)-4-(3- trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)- piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 460

N-(sec-butyl)-N′-{[1- (propylsulfonyl)-4-(6- trifluoromethylpyridin-2- yl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}urea 465

2,4-dichloro-N-{[1- (ethylsulfonyl)-4-(3- trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)- piperidin-4- yl]methyl}benzamide 474

EXAMPLE 9

2,4-Dichloro-N-{1-[4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-1]ethyl}benzamide tert-Butyl 4-(1-aminoethyl)-4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate

A solution of tert-butyl 4-cyano4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (603 mg, 2.0 mmol) was formed in toluene (10 mL) and cooled in an ice-bath while methyl magnesium bromide (1 mL, 3 M in diethyl ether) was added dropwise. The resulting slurry was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours then more methyl magnesium bromide (1 mL, 3 M in diethyl ether) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for a further 6 hours. The mixture was cooled in an ice-bath and quenched by the addition of methanol (3 mL). After 10 minutes at 0° C., sodium borohydride (113 mg, 3.0 mmol) was added and the mixture allowed to warm to room temperature over 15 minutes. The mixture was again cooled in an ice-bath and saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (5 mL) was added dropwise. The mixture was then poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over magnesium sulphate (anhydrous), filtered and evaporated to afford the desired product: tert-butyl 4-(1-aminoethyl)4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate: m/z (ES) 320 (M+H).

2,4-Dichloro-N-{1-[4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-I]ethyl}benzamide

tert-Butyl 4-(1-aminoethyl)-4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (540 mg, 1.69 mmol) was acylated using 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl chloride, deprotected and sulphonylated with 1-propane sulphonyl chloride using the chemistry described in example 8-1 to afford the desired product: 2,4-dichloro-N-{1-[4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-I]ethyl}benzamide: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl3): 8.41(1 H, d, J=3.3 Hz), 7.56 (1 H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.47 (1 H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.42 (1 H, d, J=1.8 Hz), 7.31 (1 H, dd, J=1.9, 8.3 Hz), 7.13-7.11 (2H, m), 4.78-4.72 (1 H, m), 3.62-6.57 (2 H, m), 3.00 (1 H, t, J=10.3 Hz), 2.90-2.75 (6 H, m), 2.59 (3 H, s), 2.06-2.00 (1 H, m), 1.89-1.74 (3 H, m), 1.07 (3 H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 1.01 (3 H, t, J=7.4 Hz); m/z (ES) 498 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 10-1

N-{[4-(3-bromopyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}-2,4-dichlorobenzamide tert-Butyl 4-(3-bromopyridin-2-yl)-4-cyanopiperidine-1-carboxylate

2,3-Dibromopyridine (5 g, 21 mmol) and tert-butyl 4-cyanopiperidine-1-carboxylate (3.0 g, 14 mmol) were reacted in the presence of potassium hexamethyldisilazide (17.1 mmol) using the method described in example 8-1 to afford the desired product: tert-butyl 4-(3-bromopyridin-2-yl)-4-cyanopiperidine-1-carboxylate: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl₃): 8.53 (1 H, dd, J 1.5, 4.6 Hz), 7.97 (1 H, dd, J=1.5, 8.0 Hz), 7.18 (1 H, dd, J=4.4, 8.0 Hz), 4.23 (2 H, br s), 3.29 (2 H, br s), 2.48 (2 H, br s), 2.15 (2 H, br s), 1.47 (9 H, s).

4-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidine-4-carbonitrile

A solution of tert-butyl 4-(3-bromopyridin-2-yl)-4-cyanopiperidine-1-carboxylate (1.0 g) was formed in dichloromethane (3 mL). Trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The mixture was then poured into aqueous sodium carbonate (20 mL, 2 M) and extracted with dichloromethane (10 mL×2). The combined organic phases were dried over magnesium sulphate (anhydrous), filtered and evaporated to an oil. This was then re-dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.95 mL, 5.4 mmol) followed by 1-propanesulphonyl chloride (0.31 mL, 2.7 mmol) were added and the mixture stirred at room temperature over night. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the reside purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane containing 10% ethyl acetate as eluent to afford the desired product: 4-(3-bromopyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidine-4-carbonitrile: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl₃): 8.54 (1 H, dd, J=1.5, 4.6 Hz), 7.98 (1 H, dd, J=1.5, 7.9 Hz), 7.21 (1 H, dd, J=4.6, 8.1 Hz), 3.99-3.95 (2 H, m), 3.35-3.29 (2 H. m), 2.98-2.94 (2 H, m), 2.63-2.59 (2 H, m), 2.38-2.30 (2 H, m), 1.93-1.85 (2 H, m), 1.09 (3 H, t, J=7.4 Hz).

{[4-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}amine hydrochloride salt

A solution of 4-(3-bromopyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidine-4-carbonitrile (500 mg) was formed in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL containing 1 M of borane-tetrahydrofuran complex) and heated at reflux for 2 hours. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and then methanol (2 mL) was added dropwise. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was re-dissolved in methanol (5 mL) before the addition of hydrochloric acid (conc., 1 mL). The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes before the solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue was azeotroped with toluene to afford the desired product: {[4-(3-bromopyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}amine hydrochloride salt: m/z (ES) 376, 378 (M+H).

N-{[4-(3-bromopyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}-2,4-dichlorobenzamide

{[4-(3-Bromopyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}amine hydrochloride salt (100 mg, 0.24 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) with N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.13 mL, 0.72 mmol). 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl chloride (34 μL, 0.24 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred over night. The mixture was poured into aqueous sodium carbonate (10 mL, 2 M) and extracted with dichloromethane (10 mL x 2). The combined organic phases were dried over magnesium sulphate (anhydrous), filtered and evaporated. The reside was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane containing 10% ethyl acetate as eluent to afford the desired product: N-{[4-(3-bromopyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}-2,4-dichlorobenzamide: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl₃): 8.50 (1 H, dd, J=1.4, 4.5 Hz), 7.94 (1 H, dd, J=1.4, 7.9 Hz), 7.58 (1 H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.36(1 H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 7.29 (1 H, dd, J=8.3, 1.9 Hz), 7.10 (1 H, dd, J=4.5, 7.9 Hz), 6.87 (1 H, m), 5.30 (1 H, s), 4.15 (2 H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 3.46-3.44 (4 H, m), 3.14-3.08 (2 H, m), 2.90-2.88 (2 H, m), 1.90-1.76 (4 H, m), 1.06 (3 H, t, J=7.4 Hz); m/z (ES) 548, 550 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 10-2

2,4-Dichloro-N-{[4-(6-fluropyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide tert-Butyl 4-cyano-4-(6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperidin-1-carboxylate

2,6-Difluoropyridine (2 g, 17 mmol) and tert-butyl 4-cyanopiperidine-1-carboxylate (2.4 g, 11 mmol) were reacted in the presence of potassium hexamethyldisilazide (14 mmol) using the method described in example 8-1 to afford the desired product: tert-butyl 4-cyano-4-(6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl3): 7.86 (1 H, q, J=7.9 Hz), 7.54 (1 H, dd, J=2.3, 7.4 Hz), 6.93-6.91(1 H, m), 4.28 (21H, br s), 3.17 (2 H, br s), 2.25-2.17 (2 H, m), 2.02 (2 H, d, J=14.6 Hz), 1.48 (9H, s).

tert-Butyl 4-(aminomethyl)-4-(6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate

A solution of tert-butyl 4-cyano-4-(6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (250 mg, 0.82 mmol) in methanol (20 mL) with triethylamine (1 mL) was reacted with Raney nickel (0.5 mL of 50% slurry in water) under 40 psi hydrogen for 5 hours. The catalyst was filtered off and washed thoroughly with methanol. Evaporation of the solvent afforded the desired product: tert-butyl 4-(aminomethyl)-4-(6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate: m/z (ES) 310 (M+H).

tert-Butyl 4-{[(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)amino]methyl}-4-(6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate

tert-Butyl 4-(aminomethyl)-4-(6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.82 mmol) was acylated with 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl chloride (0.12 mL, 0.82 mmol) using the method described in example 8-1 to afford the desired product: tert-butyl 4-{[(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)amino]methyl}-4-(6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl₃): 7.81 (1 H, q, J=8.0 Hz), 7.61 (1 H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.38 (1 H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 7.29 (1 H, dd, J=8.0, 2.0 Hz), 7.24 (1 H, dd, J=7.7, 2.7) 6.82 (1 H, dd, J=3.0, 8.1 Hz), 6.69 (1 H, m), 3.80 (1 H, br s) 3.68-3.62 (2 H, m), 3.40-3.34 (2 H, m), 2.22-2.16 (2 H, m), 1.87-1.81 (2 H, m), 1.45 (9 H, s).

2,4-Dichloro-N-{[4-(6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1-propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide

A solution of tert-butyl 4-{[(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)amino]methyl}4-(6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (340 mg, 0.7 mmol) was formed in dichloromethane (3 mL). Trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The mixture was poured into aqueous sodium carbonate (20 mL, 2 M) and extracted with dichloromethane (10 mL×2). The combined organic phases were dried over magnesium sulphate (anhydrous), filtered and evaporated to an oil. This was then re-dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.24 mL, 1.4 mmol) followed by 1-propanesulphonyl chloride (80 μL, 0.7 mmol) were added and the mixture stirred at room temperature over night. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the reside purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane containing 20% ethyl acetate as eluent to afford the desired product: 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)-piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl3): 7.83 (1 H, q, J=8.0 Hz), 7.60 (1 H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.39 (1 H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 7.30 (1 H, dd, J=1.9, 8.3 Hz), 7.27-7.25 (1 H, m), 6.85 (1 H, dd, J=2.9, 8.1 Hz), 6.77 (1 H, m), 3.87 (2 H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 3.50-3.44 (2 H, m), 3.41-3.35 (2 H, m), 2.90-2.88 (2 H, m), 2.31-2.25 (2 H, m), 2.00-1.96 (2 H, m), 1.89-1.81 (2 H, m), 1.06 (3 H, t, J=7.4 Hz); m/z (ES) 488 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 10-3

2,4-Dichloro-N-{[4-(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide 2,4-Dichloro-N-{[4-(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide

2,6-Dichloropyridine was reacted with tert-butyl 4-cyanopiperidine-1-carboxylate, reduced using Raney nickel, acylated with 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl chloride, deprotected and then sulphonylated with 1-propane sulphonyl chloride using the method described in example 10-2 to afford the desired product: 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1-propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl3): 7.69 (1 H, t, J=7.8 Hz), 7.63 (1 H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.40 (1 H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 7.32-7.30 (2 H, m), 7.24 (1 H, d, J=7.8 Hz), 6.94 (1 H, m), 3.89 (2 H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 3.48-3.40 (4 H, m), 2.91-2.89 (2 H, m), 2.29-2.23 (2 H, m), 1.99-1.95 (2 H, m), 1.88-1.81 (2 H, m), 1.06 (3 H, t, J=7.4 Hz), m/z (ES) 504, 506 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 11

2,4-Dichloro-N-{[4-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide 2,4-Dichloro-N-{[4-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide

A solution of 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide (50 mg, 0.10 mmol) was formed in hydrochloric acid (5 mL of 5 M and 5 mL of conc.). The mixture was heated at 100° C. for 4 hours then allowed to cool and poured into water (10 mL), neutralized with sodium hydrogen carbonate and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over magnesium sulphate (anhydrous), filtered and evaporated. The reside was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using dichloromethane containing 10% methanol as eluent to afford the desired product: 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl3): 12.80 (1 H, br s), 7.42 (1 H, dd, J=7.1, 9.0 Hz), 7.11 (1 H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 7.01 (1 H, dd, J=1.9, 8.2 Hz), 6.88 (1 H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 6.79 (1 H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 6.48 (1 H, d, J=9.0 Hz), 6.11 (1 H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 3.83 (2 H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 3.56-3.52 (2 H, m), 3.30-3.27 (2 H. m), 2.88-2.86 (2 H, m), 2.30-2.26 (2 H, m), 2.08-2.04 (2 H, m), 1.87-1.79 (2 H, m), 1.05 (3 H, t, J=7.4 Hz); m/z (ES) 486 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 12

2,4-Dichloro-N-{[4-(3-hydroxypyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4yl]methyl}benzamide

tert-Butyl 4-cyano-4-[3-(methoxymethoxy)pyridin-2-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate: 2-Chloro-3-methoxymethoxy-pyridine (Tetrahedron 58 (2002), 309-314) (2 g, 11.5 mmol) and tert-butyl 4-cyanopiperidine-1-carboxylate (1.6 g, 7.7 mmol) were reacted in the presence of potassium hexamethyldisilazide (9.2 mmol) using the method in example 8-1 to afford the desired product: tert-Butyl 4-cyano-4-[3-methoxymethoxy)pyridin-2-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl3): 8.21 (1 H, d, J=4.6 Hz), 7.53 (1 H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.27-7.23 (1 H, m), 5.31 (2 H, s), 4.20 (2 H, br s), 3.55 (3 H, s), 3.28 (2 H, br s), 2.35 (2 H, s), 2.10 (2 H, br s), 1.47 (9 H, s).

tert-Butyl 4-{[(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)amino]methyl}-4-[3-(methoxymethoxy)pyridin-2-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate

tert-Butyl 4-cyano-4-[3-(methoxymethoxy)pyridin-2-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate was reduced using Raney nickel and acylated using 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl chloride using the method exemplified in example 8-1 to afford the desired product: tert-butyl 4-{[(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)amino]-methyl}-4-[3-(inethoxymethoxy)pyridin-2-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl3): 8.18 (1 H, dd, J=1.3, 4.5 Hz), 7.50-7.46 (2 H, m), 7.33 (1 H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 7.25 (1 H, dd, J=8.3, 2.0), 7.15 (1 H, dd, J=4.6, 8.3 Hz), 6.70 (1 H, m), 5.25 (2 H, s), 4.01 (2 H, br s), 3.68-3.62 (2 H, m), 3.49 (3 H, s), 3.44-3.38 (2 H, m), 2.75-2.69 (2 H, m), 1.66-1.60 (1 H, m) 1.46 (9 H, s).

2,4-Dichloro-N-{[4-(3-hydroxypyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide

A solution of tert-butyl 4-{[(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)amino]methyl}-4-[3-methoxypyridin-2-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (200 mg, 0.38 mmol) was formed in methanol (5 mL). Hydrochloric acid (conc., 2 mL) was added and the mixture stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (5 mL) with N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.26 mL, 1.5 mmol). 1-Propanesulphonyl chloride (89 μL, 0.8 mmol) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue was re-dissolved in methanol (5 mL) and aqueous sodium hydroxide (1 mL, 4 N) was added. The mixture was heated at reflux for 20 minutes then allowed to cool and poured into water (20 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over magnesium sulphate (anhydrous), filtered and evaporated. The reside was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using a 40% ethyl acetate: 60% dichloromethane mixture as eluent to afford the desired product: 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(3-hydroxypyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl3): 8.09 (1 H, dd, J=1.3, 4.5 Hz), 7.47 (1 H, s), 7.44 (1 H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.35 (1 H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 7.26 (1 H, dd, J=8.3, 1.9), 7.16(1 H, dd, J=1.2, 8.1 Hz), 7.07 (1 H, dd, J=4.6, 8.0 Hz), 6.95 (1 H, t, J=5.8 Hz), 4.00 (2 H, d, J=6.1 Hz), 3.56-3.50 (2 H, m), 3.27-3.23 (2 H, m), 2.99-2.97 (2 H, m), 2.86-2.84 (2 H, m), 1.85-1.78 (2 H, m), 1.73-1.67 (2 H, m), 1.03 (3 H, t, J=7.4 Hz); m/z (ES) 486, (M+H).

EXAMPLE 13

2,4-Dichloro-N-{[(2[R,S],4[S,R])-2-methyl-1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide tert-Butyl 4-cyano-2-methylpiperidine-1-carboxylate

A solution of tert-butyl 2-methyl4-oxopiperidine-1-carboxylate (375 mg, 1.76 mmol) and p-toluenesulphonylmethyl isocyanide (790 mg, 4.05 mmol) was formed in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (10 mL) and cooled in an ice-bath. Ethanol (0.23 mL, 4.05 mmol) was added followed by the portionwise addition of potassium t-butoxide (691 mg, 6.16 mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature then heated at reflux for 18 hours. The mixture was allowed to cool then poured into brine (50 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over magnesium sulphate (anhydrous), filtered and evaporated. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel using a 20% ethyl acetate: 80% iso-hexane mixture as eluent to afford the crude product: tert-butyl 4-cyano-2-methylpiperidine-1-carboxylate: m/z (ES) 225 (M+H).

tert-Butyl (2[R,S],4[R,S])-4-cyano-2-methyl-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-1-carboxylate

tert-Butyl 4-cyano-2-methylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (108 mg, 0.48 mmol) was reacted with 2-fluoropyridine (62 μL, 0.72 mmol) in the presence of potassium hexamethyldisilazide (0.58 mmol) using the method described in example 8-1 to afford the racemic: tert-butyl (2[R,S],4[R,S])-4-cyano-2-methyl-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-1-carboxylate, where the methyl (axial) and the pyridyl (equatorial) are trans, as the major epimer: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl3): 8.61-8.59 (1 H, m), 7.77-7.73 (1 H, m), 7.65-7.63 (1 H, m), 7.27-7.24 (1 H, m), 4.59 (1 H, br s), 4.24 (1 H, d, J=13.0 Hz), 3.37 (1 H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 1.48 (9 H, s).

2,4-Dichloro-N-{[(2[R,S],4[S,R])-2-methyl-1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide

tert-Butyl (2[R,S],4[R,S])-4-cyano-2-methyl-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidine-1-carboxylate was reduced using Raney nickel, acylated using 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl chloride, deprotected and then sulphonylated with 1-propane sulphonyl chloride using the method described in example 8-1 to afford: 2,4-dichloro-N-{[(2[R,S],4[S,R])-2-methyl-1-(propylsulfonyl)4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide: 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl3): 8.54 (1 H, d, J=3.9 Hz), 7.72-7.70 (1 H, m), 7.57 (1 H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.39-7.36 (2 H, m), 7.28 (1 H, dd, J=2.0, 8.3 Hz), 7.18 (1 H, dd, J=4.9, 7.3 Hz), 3.67-3.61 (1 H, m), 3.98 (1 H, dd, J=6.3, 13.5 Hz), 3.94-3.87 (1 H, m), 3.80 (1 H, dd, J=5.2, 13.5 Hz), 3.67-3.61 (1 H, m), 3.48-3.42 (1 H, m), 2.87 (2 H, t, J=7.8 Hz), 2.35-2.27 (2 H, m), 2.00-1.92 (2 H, m), 1.86-1.78 (2 H, m), 1.48 (3 H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 1.03 (3 H, t, J=7.4 Hz); m/z (ES) 484 (M+H).

EXAMPLE 14

2,4-dichloro-N-({1-(ethylsulfonyl)-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl }methyl)benzamide

Copper (I) iodide (647 mg, 3.40 mmol) and spray-dried anhydrous potassium fluoride (197 mg, 3.40 mmol) were heated in a tube with a hot air gun under reduced pressure whilst being gently shaken until a homogeneously greenish power was obtained. The powder was allowed to cool. The vacuum was swapped for an atmosphere of nitrogen then tert-butyl 4-cyano-4-(3-iodopyridin-2-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (280 mg, 0.68 mmol) (prepared by the method in Example 1) in DMF (0.5 ml) and N-methylpyrrolidinone (0.5 ml) were added followed by (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane (481 mg, 0.5 ml, 3.40 mmol). The tube was sealed with a screw cap and heated at 60° C. for 16 hours. The sealed tube was cooled in an icebath for 30 minutes then opened. The mixture was poured onto 12% aqueous ammonia (25 ml) and extracted with diethyl ether (3×25 ml). The combined organics were washed with 12% aqueous ammonia (3×10 ml), brine (3×10 ml) dried over MgSO₄, filtered and evaporated to give an orange oil. The crude product was chromatographed on silica eluted with 12% ethyl acetate in isohexane to give the title product as an oil. 1H NMR δ (ppm)(CDCl₃): 8.76 (1 H, d, J=4.4 Hz), 8.09 (1 H, d, J=8.0 Hz), 7.45 (1 H, dd, J=4.7, 7.9 Hz), 2.37-2.19 (4 H, m), 1.47 (9 H, s). m/e=256 (m−Boc). The tert-butyl 4-cyano-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate was then progressed to give 2,4-dichloro-N-{1-(ethylsulfonyl)-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}methyl)benzamide (data shown in table above) by the method in Example 8-1.

While the invention has been described and illustrated with reference to certain particular embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various adaptations, changes, modifications, substitutions, deletions, or additions of procedures and protocols may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. 

1. A compound of formula Ic:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R¹ is selected from the group consisting of: (1) hydrogen, (2) C₁₋₃alkyl, (3) fluoro, (4) —CF₃, (5) -morpholinyl, and (6) —O—C₁₋₃alkyl; R² is phenyl, which is substituted with R^(2a), R^(2b) and R^(2c), R^(2a), R^(2b) and R^(2c) are independently selected from the group consisting of: (1) hydrogen, (2) halogen, (3) —C₁₋₆alkyl, (4) —CF₃, (5) —OCF₃, (6) —OCHF₂, (7) —SCF₃, (8) —SCHF₂, and (9) —NH₂; R³ is C₁₋₆alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with 1-6 halogen, hydroxyl, —NR¹⁰R¹¹, or heterocycle, which is substituted with R^(2a), R^(2b) and R^(2c); R⁴and R⁵are independently selected from the group consisting of: (1) hydrogen, and (2) C₁₋₆alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen or hydroxyl, or R⁴and R⁵taken together form a C₃₋₆cycloalkyl ring; and R¹⁰ and R¹¹ are independently selected from: (a) hydrogen, (b)—C₁₋₆alkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxy, 1-6 fluoro or —NR¹²R¹³, where R¹² and R¹³ are independently selected from hydrogen and —C₁₋₆alkyl, and where R¹⁰ and R¹¹ may be joined to form an azetidinyl ring, (c) —C³⁻⁶cycloalkyl, which is unsubstituted or substituted with hydroxy, 1-6 fluoro or —NR¹²R¹³, (d) benzyl and (e) phenyl.
 2. The compound of Claim 1 wherein R^(2a), R^(2b) and R^(2c)are independently selected from the group consisting of: (1) hydrogen, (2) fluoro, (3) chloro, (4) bromo, (5) —CF₃, and (6) —NH₂.
 3. The compound of claim 1 wherein R¹ is hydrogen or methyl.
 4. The compound of claim 1 wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₃alkyl and R⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl.
 5. The compound of claim 4 wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₃alkyl in the (S) configuration and R⁵ is hydrogen.
 6. The compound of claim 4 wherein R⁴ is methyl and R⁵ is hydrogen.
 7. The compound of claim 1 wherein R⁴ is methyl and R⁵ is methyl.
 8. The compound of claim 1 wherein R⁴ is hydrogen and R⁵ is hydrogen.
 9. The compound of claim 1 wherein R³ is selected from C₁₋₆alkyl and C₁₋₆alkyl-fluoro.
 10. The compound of claim 9 wherein R³ is —CH₂CH₃.
 11. The compound of claim 9 wherein R³ is —(CH₂)₂CH₃.
 12. A compound which is selected from the group consisting of: 2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{(1S)-1-[1 -(ethylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide; 2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{1-methyl-1 -[1 -(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide; 2-chloro-N-{[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,6-dichloro-N-{[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}-benzamide; 2-bromo-N-{[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-{[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2-amino-6-chloro-N-{[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2-fluoro-6-methoxy-N-{[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2-chloro-N-{[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2-fluoro-N-{[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}-6-trifluoromethyl)benzamide; 2,6-difluoro-N-{[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-{[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,6-dichloro-N-{[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2-chloro-4-fluoro-N-{[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 4-chloro-2-fluoro-N-{[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide 2,4-dichloro-N-{[1-(methylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{[1-(isopropylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide 2,4-dichloro-N-{[1-(ethylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-{[4-(6-morpholin-4-ylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(6-morpholin-4-ylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4,5-trifluoro-N-{[4-(6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-5-fluoro-N-{[4-(6-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; N-{[1 -(ethylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}-2,4-difluorobenzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1 -[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide; 2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{1-methyl-1 -[1 -(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide; N-{1-methyl-1 -[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}-2-(trifluoromethoxy)benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{1-methyl-1 -[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1 -(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide; 2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{1-methyl-1 -[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1 -(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{(1S)-1-[1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide; 2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{(1S)-1-[1 -(propylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{(1S)-1 -[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1 -(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide; 2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{(1S)-1-[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1 -(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide; 2-chloro-N-{(1S)-1-[1 -(ethylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide; 2-chloro-N-{(1S)-1-[1 -(ethylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]ethyl}-3 ,6-difluorobenzamide; 2-chloro-N-{(1S)-1-[1 -(ethylsulfonyl)-4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]ethyl}-3,6-difluorobenzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{(1S)-1-[1 -(ethylsulfonyl)-4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-({1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}methyl)benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-({1-(propylsulfonyl)-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}methyl)benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(3-methoxypyridin-2-yl)-1-(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2-chloro-N-{[4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1 -(ethylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}-3,6-difluorobenzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{[1-(ethylsulfonyl)-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-(1-{1 -[(3 -fluoropropyl)sulfonyl]-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-y1}ethyl)benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-({1-[(3 -fluoropropyl)sulfonyl]-4-pyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-y1}methyl)benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{[1-[(3 -fluoropropyl)sulfonyl]-4-(3 -fluoropyridin-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(3 -fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1 -(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{1-[4-(3 -fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1 -(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(6-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)-1 -(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 4-bromo-2-chloro-N-{[1 -(ethylsulfonyl)-4-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)- piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{1 -[1 -(ethylsulfonyl)-4-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)- piperidin-4-yl]ethyl}benzamide; 2-bromo-4-fluoro-N-{[1 -(ethylsulfonyl)-4-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)- piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-{[1 -(ethylsulfonyl)-4-(3 -fluoropyridin-2-yl)- piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{[1 -(ethylsulfonyl)-4-(3 -trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)- piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-({1-[(3 -fluoropropyl)sulfonyl]-4-(3 -trifluoromethylpyridin-2-ylpiperidin-4-yl}methyl)benzamide; 2,4,6-trifluoro-N-{[1 -(ethylsulfonyl)-4-(3 -trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)- piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{[1 -(ethylsulfonyl)-4-(3 -trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yl)- piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{1 -[4-(3 -methylpyridin-2-yl)-1 -(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-1]ethyl}benzamide; N-{[4-(3 -bromopyridin-2-yl)-1 -(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}-2,4-dichlorobenzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(6-fluoropyridin-2-yl)-1 -(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-{[4-(6-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1 -(propylsulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]methyl}benzamide; 2,4-dichloro-N-({1-(ethylsulfonyl)-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]piperidin-4-yl}methyl)benzamide; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 13. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. 